Police and Criminology Board Exam Review Flashcards

Exactly 500 vocabulary flashcards for police and criminology board exam review, covering legal terms, juvenile delinquency, sociology of crimes, and Philippine general/current information.

House of Representatives

The agency that can initiate all kinds of impeachment against government officials.

Arresto Mayor

A criminal penalty with a duration of $1$ month and $1$ day to $6$ months.

Judge

The official responsible for determining the existence of probable cause for the issuance of a warrant of arrest or search warrant.

Oath

A form of attestation by which a person signifies that he is bound in conscience to perform an act faithfully and truthfully.

Cecilia M. Palma

The President of the $1986$ Constitutional Commission.

Sun

The rank symbol representing a superintendent in the police force.

Territory

A fixed portion on the surface of the earth inhabited by the people of a state.

Rodrigo Duterte

The Philippine president who implemented the Nationwide Smoking Ban.

Katmon

The local name of the plant featured on the newly-designed $10$-peso coin issued by the BSP in March $2018$.

Volcan de Fuego

The volcano in Guatemala that erupted on June $4$, $2018$, resulting in at least $25$ deaths.

ISIS Terrorists

The group President Duterte pledged would never gain a foothold in the country during his $3$rd State of the Nation Address.

Nonfeasance

The refusal or failure of an officer to perform an act which he ought to do, such as a police officer refusing to help a crime victim.

Acquitted

The status of an accused person when they are found not guilty of the charges presented before the court.

Actus Reus

A Latin term meaning 'guilty by act'.

Dependency or Addiction

A state detected when physiological or psychological reliance on some agent is detected from a person.

Aggression

Threatening behaviors, either verbal or physical, directed at others.

Overt Aggressive Behavior

Aggressive behavior that includes repeated noncompliance, name-calling, verbal threats, and physical abuse.

Covert Aggressive Behavior

Aggressive behavior including cursing, intentional destruction of property, and self-destructive behaviors.

Covert Aggression (Emotional/Cognitive)

The emotional and cognitive components of aggression such as anger and hostility.

Assault

An apparent, intentional, and physically aggressive act irrespective of severity against another person.

Physical Assault

Assault that includes kicking, punching, deliberately throwing objects, or drawing a lethal weapon.

Allege

To assert or make an accusation against someone.

Alternative Measures

Measures other than judicial proceedings used to deal with a young person alleged to have committed an offense.

Battered Woman Syndrome

The psychological and behavioral reactions of women victims and their inability to respond effectively to repeated violence.

Brain Lesion Theory

The theory that tumors and seizures are associated with aggression and violent behavior.

Battered Child Syndrome

A clinical condition describing young children who have received non-accidental, inexcusable violence at the hands of an adult.

Capital Offense

A very serious crime for which the death penalty may be imposed.

Chain of Custody

A record kept of each time evidence changes hands to validate its unaltered authenticity for the court.

Child Neglect

The negligent treatment or maltreatment of a child under circumstances indicating harm to their health or welfare.

Child Prostitution

The exchange of sexual favors for money or goods involving a person under the age of $18$ years without emotional involvement.

Clandestine Abuse

Abuse that is kept secret for a purpose, concealed, or underhanded.

Delusion

A false belief based on an incorrect inference about external reality sustained despite clear evidence to the contrary.

Delinquency Offense

An act committed by a juvenile for which an adult could be prosecuted in a criminal court.

Evidence

Anything used, left, removed, altered, or contaminated during a crime by either suspect or victim.

Capital Punishment

The legal penalty of putting a person to death.

Exploitation

A form of abuse where the victim is used for selfish purposes or financial gain.

Abandonment

General grounds for termination of parental rights, characterized by sporadic visits or lack of sufficient contact.

Abuse

Acts or omissions by a legal caretaker that encompasses a broad range of acts, usually requiring proof of intent.

Adjudication

The phase of a delinquency hearing similar to a 'trial' in adult court.

Administrative Procedure

Processes involving enforcement of care or support orders by an executive agency rather than by judges.

Adoption

A legal relationship between non-biologically related people that usually terminates biological parental rights.

Best Interest of the Child Rule

A legal doctrine established as an alternative to Parens Patriae for determining the best environment for a child.

Breed v. Jones

The legal case that allowed a second prosecution in adult court for a conviction in juvenile court.

Case Law

Law established by the history of judicial decisions by judges.

Child Protection Action

The filing of legal papers by child welfare agencies based on evidence of abuse to take preventive guardian action.

Child Support

The act of being responsible for enforcing child support obligations.

Custodial Confinement

A court order for placement in a secure facility, separate from adults, for juvenile rehabilitation.

Dependent

A person under the care of someone else who ceases to be so upon reaching emancipation.

Disposition

The phase of delinquency proceedings similar to sentencing in adult trials.

Emancipation

The independence of a minor from parents before reaching the age of majority.

Equal Protection

A clause requiring government to treat similarly situated people the same or have good reason for differences.

Family Immunity Doctrine

Legal doctrine preventing unemancipated children from suing their parents.

Family Purpose Doctrine

Legal doctrine holding parents liable for injuries caused by a child's negligent driving.

Guardian ad litem

A Latin phrase meaning 'For the Proceeding'.

Guardianship

A court order giving an individual or organization legal authority over a child/ward.

In Loco Parentis

A status identifying teachers or babysitters as having temporary parental rights and obligations.

Parens Patriae

A legal doctrine establishing the 'parental' role of the state over the welfare of its citizens, especially children.

Protective Custody

Emergency, temporary custody for a child in imminent danger.

Psychological Parent

The parent to whom a child feels the greatest emotional attachment.

Restitution

A disposition requiring a defendant to pay damages to a victim.

Status Offenses

Activities illegal only when engaged in by a minor, such as truancy or curfew violations.

Step Parent

A spouse of a biological parent who has no legal rights to a child except those voluntarily accepted.

Surrogate Parent

A parent who provides an egg, sperm, or uterus with the intent of giving the child up for adoption.

Tender Years Doctrine

Legal doctrine suggesting young children should be placed with their mother unless she is 'unfit'.

Unfit Parent

A designation resulting in termination of parental rights due to abuse, neglect, addiction, or criminal record.

Bail Security

Security given for the release of a person in custody to guarantee appearance before a court.

Best Interest of the Child

The totality of circumstances most congenial to the survival, protection, and security of a child.

Children at Risk

Children vulnerable to committing offenses due to personal, family, or social circumstances.

Child in Conflict with the Law

A child alleged as, accused of, or adjudged as having committed an offense.

Initial Contact

The apprehension or taking into custody of a child in conflict with the law.

Recognizance

An undertaking in lieu of bond assumed by a parent responsible for a child's court appearance.

Intervention

Activities like counseling and skills training designed to address issues that caused a child to offend.

Victimless Crime

A type of offense committed where there is no private offended party involved.

Restorative Justice

A doctrine requiring conflict resolution with maximum involvement of victim, offender, and community.

Child Prostitution (Exploitation)

Exploitation and sex abuse among children in exchange for incentives.

Neo-classical Theory

An ideological belief that children and lunatics should not be punished because they cannot calculate pleasure and pain.

Typology of Crime

The categorization or classification of various types of crime.

Neo-classical School

The school that argues free will can be diminished by pathology or mental disorders.

Determinism

The focusing principle of positivist thoughts in contrast to the free will of the classical school.

Differential Association Theory

A theory stating that criminal behavior is learned through social interaction and not inherited.

Sociological Criminology

The perspective probing situational and environmental conditions that encourage criminal behavior.

Strain Theory

A theory consistent with the search for consistent personality traits affecting behavior.

Criminoloid

Lombroso's classification for 'weak natures' susceptible to bad examples.

Mesomorphic

Body physique described by William Sheldon as muscular and hard.

Extravert

A personality type characterized as sociable, impulsive, and optimistic with high needs for excitement.

Social Environment

The primary place where human behavior is learned according to social learning theorists.

Chicago Area Project of $1930$

A project that paved the way for reassessing treatment and prevention programs for delinquents.

Broken Home

A family structure characterized as disrupted or incomplete, used as a predictor for delinquency.

Emotional Abuse

Contributory actions to delinquency such as screaming at, insulting, or ignoring a child.

Schizophrenia/Psychotic Behavior

Condition manifested by indiscriminate giggling, emotional flatness, and a monotonous voice.

Positivist Theory

The criminological influence explaining senseless crime as a result of being 'sick' or an 'animal'.

Episode of Schizophrenia

An illogical thinking process not considered a standard symptom of dyssocial behavior.

M'naghten Rule

The legal rule used in the case of a Scottish woodcutter found too mentally deranged to be convicted.

Bipolar Disorder

A condition where a person is cool/withdrawn one day and warm/sociable the next.

Spree Murder

Example of a robber killing people while in flight during a high-speed chase.

Sexual Sadism

Suffering involving psychological torment and physical methods to heighten sexual arousal.

Minor Offender

Under PD $603$, an offender whose age is less than $9$ but under $18$ at the time of the crime.

Doli Incapax

A term referring to children above $9$ but below $15$ years old who lack the capacity for malice.

Vagrancy

An act not considered a 'serious' juvenile act compared to homicide or larceny.

Police Performance

The best form of Police Community Relations (PCR) an officer can provide.