hth100 exam 4

chapter 13a, 14, 15, 6, 16

diabetes

chapter 13 a: focusing on your risk for diabetes

What is hyperglycemia?

High blood glucose levels which are normally seen in diabetes

What happens to healthy people?

Glucose is taken up efficiently by the body cell

Where is the pancreas and what does it do?

The pancreas is an organ located beneath the stomach that secretes a hormone called insulin

What is insulin?

Insulin stimulates cells to take up glucose from the bloodstream and use it for immediate energy

What is the difference between type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes?

Type 1 is an immune disorder and type 2 is a metabolic disorder?

What happens to the body with type 1 disorder?

Their body does not produce insulin or has a lack of insulin

What happens to the body with type 2 disorder?

Their body isn’t able to produce enough insulin or becomes insulin resistance

Why does this happen to someone with type 2 disorder?

the person eats too much carbs and sugars and their blood glucose is high all day.

What does it mean to be insulin resistance?

Body cells are resistant to its effect. As a result your pancreas makes more insulin and can’t easily takes glucose from the liver

What happens with the pre diabetes stage?

It can lead to type 2 diabetes and it can help you prevent yourself from getting type 2 diabetes

When does gestational diabetes happen?

during pregnancy

What can gestational diabetes lead to?

2 diabetes after pregnancy

What symptoms are most often noticed during diabetes?

Excessive urination and thirst

What are some complications of diabetes?

you can be prone to wounds that do not heal which can lead to amputation

What are the three tests that can help diagnose diabetes?

\-fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test

\-Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

\-Hemoglobin ALC test

What is the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test?

Patient is required to fast overnight, then blood is drawn and tests for glucose concentration

What is the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)?

used to measure how well the body can process a larger amount of sugar

drinking the sugary solution test

What is the hemoglobin ALC test?

A regular blood glucose test done by a physician every 3-6 months

Shows what your average blood sugar (glucose) was over the past 2-3 months

What is the type 1 blood glucose range?

80 and 130 mg/dL (4.44 to 7.3 mmol/c)

What is something type 1 diabetics have to worry about?

Having to inject the right amount of insulin with the right amount of fuel (food) and activity level

What are 3 ways you can prevent diabetes?

\-lifestyle changes can improve glucose levels

\-oral medications and weight loss surgery can help

\-insulin injections may be necessary (finger stick/insulin injectors/ monitors)

Chapter 14: Protecting against infectious diseases and sexually transmitted infections

stis

What are the process of infections?

Pathogens

Where are pathogens founds?

Pathogens are found in the air, food, and nearly every object or person

What the difference between epidemic and endemic?

epidemic is an outbreak that affects many people in a community or region at the same time while an endemic is always present to some degree (common cold/maybe covid-19)

What is a pandemic?

A global epidemic of disease (covid-19, bubonic plague)

What can a virulent pathogen do?

Strong enough to overcome host resistance and cause disease

What does it mean when your body is immunocompromised?

the immune system is impaired

What is the epidemiological triad of diseases?

(1) come in contact with the pathogen

(2) host must be susceptible- (the pathogen is opportunistic meaning that if you’re immunocompromised or have co-morbidities higher chance)

(3) environment must be favorable

What are some ways pathogens gain entry?

direct contact, indirect contact, auto inoculate, animal-bone, interspecies transmission/cross-species transmission

How would a pathogen gain entry with direct contact?

Kissing or touching an infected person

How would a pathogen gain entry with an indirect contact?

Touching something that the infected person has touched.

How would a pathogen gain entry through auto inoculate?

transmitting a pathogen from one part of your body to another

How does a pathogen gain entry zoonotic?

Infections are spread by domestic and wild animals

If a pathogen gain entry through cross-species what does it mean?

it is rare but it occurs but it happens when another species gives it to another species

What are some hard to control risk factors about pathogens? (4)

\-Heredity

\-Age

\-Environment conditions- changes are increasing infectious diseases (Florida storms that standing water which breed mosquitos)

\-Organism virulence and resistance- organisms mutated/more resistant to drugs

What are some physical and chemical defense against infections?

\-Skin (no cuts or cracks)

\-Enzymes in body secretions (sweat)

\-Internal lining of the body- mucus membranes

\-Immune system defense

The immune system is also known as what?

your 24/7 protector

What does immunity mean?

Being able to resist a particular disease by counteracting the substance that produces the diseases

What are antigens in the body?

Substances capable of triggering an immune response. Examples include a virus, a bacterium, a fungus, a parasite, a toxin or tissue from another organism.

What are antibodies?

Immune-system proteins that are individually matched to a specific antigen

What is the humoral immune response?

The body’s major defense against many bacteria and poisonous substances, toxins, they produce

What is the difference between an antigen and a cell-meditated immunity?

cell-meditated immunities are those that do not involve antigens

What are some cell-meditated immunities?

Lymphocytes and macrophages

What is the purpose/job of lymphocytes:

they are WBC (white blood cells) that attack foreign invaders.

What are the two type of lymphocytes?

\-B lymphocytes (b-cells) : produce antibodies

\
\-T lymphocytes (t-cells) : attacks cells, turn system off

Why are b-cells jobs?

produce antibodies

what are t-cells job?

attack cells and turn system off

What are activated by t-cells and a type of phagocyte?

Marcophages

What happens when antibiotics are taken as prescribed for diagnosed bacterial diseases?

It can slow or stop disease progression

What is something that can disrupt the microbiome?

Unnecessary antibiotics

Why do autoimmune disorders happen?

The body sometimes makes the mistake and targets its own tissues

What are some common autoimmune disorders?

Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), type 1 diabetes, celiac disease, and multiple sclerosis

What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?

Redness, swelling , pain, and heat

What is another indicator of inflammation?

Fever

What can fever does?

Higher temperature can destroy some disease-causing organisms and stimulates more white blood production

Vaccines produce what type of antibodies?

Artificially acquired active immunity

What is the principle of vaccination?

That once people have been exposed to a specific pathogen and have had a successful immune response, subsequent attacks will activate their “immune memory” and allow them to fight the pathogen off

What are the five types of pathogens?

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungus, Protozoan, and parasitic worm

Bacterias are ____-_____ organisms

single celled

Bacterias can be treated with antibiotics (true or false)

\

true

A type of bacteria is called

Staphylococcal infections

What happens to staphylococcal infections?

Colonized-present but without infections

What is a type of staphylococcal infections?

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aurea (MRSA)

Where did MRSA start?

In hospitals and then moved to community in early 2000’s

MRSA is a resistant staph: resistant to antibiotics (true or false)

true

Viruses are the…

smallest known pathogens

What do viruses consist of?

Protein structure that contains either RNA or DNA

How do viruses reproduce?

They must invade and inject their own RNA or DNA into a host cell.

Why can diagnosis be difficult for some viruses?

They have an incubation periods that can last years which make it very easy to spread

What are the two types of viruses?

Hepatitis and Zika

What is Hepatitis?

Inflammatory of the liverW

What are the three different types of Hepatitis?

A (HAV)- fecal-oral transmission, close contact, foodbourne, sexual transmitted

B (HBV) - body fluid exchange, sexually transmitted, needle sticks, contact w infected person

C (HCV) - blood transfusions or organ transplants

What are the four types of Fungi (“Tinea”)

\-Candidiasis: yeast, thrush, genital

\-Ringworm-tinea corporis

\-Jock Itch- Tinea cruris

\-Toe/toenail fungus - tinea pedis

Malaria is caused by

Protozoans

What is a type of protozoans?

Giardia

What are prions?

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE-mad cow disease)

What are some emerging and resurgent diseases?

Measles and mumps

Avian (bird) flu

Swine Flu

What does swine flu combine?

Human flu and pig virus

What are the symptoms of measles and mumps?

\-Measles is known for high fever, and itchy red rash. It is increasingly common.

\-Mumps: swollen salivarly glands. it can cause hearing loss or male sterility.

What is the biggest issues with STIs?

Biological sex only have some symptoms which can make it go unreported

What is the route of transmission for STIS?

STI pathogens have both a pathogen-specific incubation period and periods of communicability-time during which transmission is most likely

What is one of the most common STIs?

Chlamydia

What are the symptoms for Chlamydia in men and women?

\-Men: may experience painful and difficult urination and penile discharge

\-Women are more likely to be asymptomatic

What are the complications for Chlamydia in men and women?

Men: Can lead to injury to the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, inflammatory damage to the blood vessels and heart, and arthritis

Women: Damage to the cervix or fallopian tubes can cause sterility and lead to pelvic inflammatory diseases

What is another infection that can be linked to Chlamydia?

One type of conjunctivitis: an eye infection

How can Chlamydia be treated?

Easily treated with antibiotics, if detected early

What is one of the most common bacterial STIs?

Gonorrhea

What are the symptoms of Gonorrhea in men and women?

Men: White/milky discharge and painful urination

Women: Barely any symptoms but occasion discharge and a burning sensation occur while urinating

What can happen during delivery if the mother has gonorrhea?

It can be passed to a baby

What is the treatment and risk of treatment in Gonorrhea?

Antibiotics if detected early, but is becoming resistant gonorrhea to antibiotics bc it is so commonWh

What is Syphilis caused by?

Treponema pallidum

What are the four stages of syphilis?

\-Primary: chancre develops and then disappears in 3-6 weeks.

\-Secondary: A rash or white patches appear on the skin or mucous membranes

\-Latent: Invades the organs and causes lesions called gummas

\-Tertiary/late: Heart and central nervous system damage, with loss of senses and motor ability

Which STI is known as the “greator imitator” bc symptoms often resemble other STIs?

Syphilis

What is the treatment for Syphilis?

Easily treated with antibiotics except in late stage

Why does herpes keep spreading?

there is no known cure

How does the infection begin for Herpes?

\-Burning sensation and redness at site and then turns into a blister full of virus

What can happen during the blister stage of herpes?

Autoinoculation (meaning can give the rash to other parts of the body)

What makes Herpes so prevalent?

It can live in you dormant and reoccur throughout your life