Marine Bio Test 3

Ectothermic

cold blooded

endothermic

heated from within the body

3 classes of fish

agnatha, chondrichthyes, osteichthyes

Notochord

a cartilaginous skeletal rod supporting the body

Spiracle

openings which allow additional water to pass through the fish. Allows cartilaginous fish to breathe while standing still.

Claspers

Male reproductive organ

Ventral opening

Female reproductive organ

oviparous

Eggs hatch outside the mother's body

Viviparous

live birth inside the mother

Caudal fin

tail fin; propels the fish

Anal fin

an unpaired fin located on the underside of a fish posterior to the anus.

Undulatory movement

Weave movement like a snake, slower, more maneuverability, snake/eel like bodies

Oscillatory movement

Back and forth movement at a singular point (a tail fin), faster, less maneuverability

Lunate fin

faster and less controlled movement

Rounded fin

slower and more controlled movement

oil-filled livers

Adaptation to help fish stay buoyant. Oil and water separate The oil will go above the water and slightly push the fish upwards

swim bladder

Air structure that regulates the bouyancy of the fish. When a fish wants to float, it fills its swim bladder with gas, allowing it to float. hen fish want to sink, it releases gas from the swim bladder, allowing it to sink.

pneumatic duct

physical connection between gas bladder and stomach. Allows them to swallow air from the surface, which goes to stomach, then goes to gas bladder. These fish are usually more shallow and more primitive.

ampullae of lorenzini

special sensing organs called electroreceptors, forming a network of jelly-filled canals; these organs help sharks sense electric fields in the water

Operculum (gill cover)

A flap of bony plates and tissue that protects the gills. Bony fish have it, cartilaginous and jawless do not

counter current exchange

the exchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions

Intraspecific

within a species

interspecific

between different species

Broadcast spawning

release millions of gametes into the water and hope they find each other . In other words SPRAY AND PRAY

Nekton

All organisms that swim actively in open water, independent of currents. Cephalopods are considered to be the only invertebrate nekton

Classes of nekton (other than fishes)

Class reptilia, class aves, and all the marine mammals

Marine reptile categories

Lizards, turtles, snakes, crocodiles

Lizards

solely consists of marine iguana

Adaptations: blunt snout, sharp teeth for eating algae, flattened tail to help with swimming, large claws to cling to rocks

Dark body color allows them to absorb more solar energy to swim in cold waters

High salt diet

Has cranial salt glands to excrete the salts ingested - looks like sneezing

Turtles

Most species are carnivorous

Green sea turtle is herbivore

Turtles spend ENTIRE lives at sea

They breathe air and come to the surface occasionally

Sea turtles have streamlined bodies with reduced shell size and weight to help with swimming

Have fatty deposits beneath skin and light bones to help with buoyancy

Have salt gland to rid of bodies excess salt

Gland empties into sea turtles' eyes

Snakes

Sea snakes have flattened oar-like tail to help them propel through water

Have specialized valves on nostrils to prevent incoming water from entering

Extremely venomous front fangs

Don't attack fish - just use venom and wait

Viviporous

Have an elongated lung that extends throughout the length of their whole body - helps stay under water for longer without breathing

Must drink fresh water - have to find fresh water sources

Can't secrete salt like other species

Crocodiles

Saltwater crocodile

Large, aggressive predators

Have salt-excreting glands to excrete excess salt

Young crocodiles eat small prey (insects, small fishes)

Adults feed on bigger animals like turtles snake monkeys

Breed in freshwater

Birds

They got wings?

Sea birds

Most of time at sea have short stocky legs and webbed feet

Shore birds

Long legs and very thin so they can stay above the water in shore areas

Pelicans, cormorants, etc.

pouch

Albatross

large web-footed birds of the southern hemisphere having long narrow wings. they are rarely seen on land and only gather to breed. They form large colonies and take care of a single egg

Penguins

Highly adapted to life at sea

Flightless, heavier bones to reduce buoyancy

Awkward on land

Swift in sea Flat webbed feet for steering

Feed on fish, krill, and squid Leopard seals and killer whales hunt them

All but one species live in Antarctica and other cold regions in Southern hemisphere

Layers of fat under skin Cold air trapped by dense waterproof feathers Down coat

Breeding rituals Emperor penguins Life-long pairs Male incubates a single large egg during winter Keeps warm for 64 days Egg hatches during summer where food is most plentiful Take turns feeding chick Returning parents find chicks through their voice and appearance

Marine mammals

Four groups

Pinnipeds: Walrus, fur seal, true seal, sea lions

Fissipeds: Sea otters and polar bears Sirenians: Sea cows, dugongs, manatees

Cetaceans: Whales, dolphins, porpoises, wild jesse

Pinnipeds

All have flippers

Hunt at sea

Occasionally come to shore to mate, give birth, and shed fur

Three groups:

Eared seals, Earless Seals, Walruses

sexual dimorphism

Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species.

galumphing

to move heavily and clumsily in an undulatory movement like a seal

fissipeds

Means split footedness - having toes/paws

LESS adapted to marine lifestyle compared to Pinnipeds and Cetaceans

Two types fissipeds: Polar Bears and Sea Otters

sirenians

Two groups: Dugong and Manatee

Slow passive animals

Live in shallow tropical and sub-tropical waters

Gentle herbivores

Graze on plants

Slow movement makes them vulnerable to boat strikes

Cetaceans

Two groups: Baleen Whales and Toothed Whales

Fast swimmers

Can dive very deep

Breathe through nostrils at top of their head

Use 80% of lung volume to hold deep breaths

Insulated by thick blubber

Have countercurrent heat exchange at flippers and tongue to keep warm

Viviparous

lateral line

sensitive receptor system that enables fish to detect gentle currents and vibrations in the water

Baleen Whales

Filter feeders

Eat plankton/small fishes

Open mouths and take ENORMOUS gulps of water

Prey is caught in bristles of mouth