Physiology Exam 1

What is physiology?

the study of the functions of living things, that focuses on the underlying mechanisms of body processes

What is the organization of the body as a functional unit? (chemical, etc)

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, body system, organism

What atoms in the body mostly composed of?

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

What molecules is the body mostly composed of?

carbs (monosaccharides: glucose, dis: sucralose, lactose, polys: glycogen)

What proteins is the body composed of?

20 amino acids

What fats is the body mostly composed of?

steroids and phospholipids

What nucleic acids (genetic materials) is the body mostly composed of?

DNA, RNA

What are the basic functions of cells, the basic units of life

obtain food and O2, preform energy generating chemical reactions, eliminate waste, synthesize proteins move materials, respond to environment, reproduce

What are some examples of specialized cell functions?

secrete digestive enzymes that break down food, retain and eliminate substance, accordingly, produce intracellular movement, generate and transmit electrical impulses that relay information

What are the 4 tissue groups and their functions

Muscle: movement, skeletal, cardiac and smooth

nervous: initiate and transmit electrical impulses

Epithelial: exchange materials between cell and environment, sheets or glands

connective: connect, support and anchors various body parts

What is an organ?

unit made up of 2+ types of primary tissue organized to preform particular functions

What is a body system?

collection of organs that perform related functions, interact to accomplish a common activity essential for survival

What is homeostasis?

Cells cannot live and function without each other, most not in contact with external environment, life sustaining exchanges are made through internal environment and the fluid that surrounds the cells.

What must a control system be able to do in order to maintain homeostasis?

detect deviations from normal, intergrade this info, adjust restore normal

What are examples of homeostatically regulated factors?

Concentration of nutrients, O2, CO2, waste products, water, salt. pH,temp, volume and pressure

What is negative feedback?

opposes an initial change. example shivering

What is positive feedback?

Output amplifies a change, ex. oxytocin during labor

What are feedforward mechanisms?

initiate responses in anticipation of change. ex. heartbeat raises before a race starts

What can disruptions in homeostasis lead to?

illness and death

What is differentiation?

the process by which cells become specialized for specific functions.

What is the plasma mambrane?

bounds the cell, phospholipid bilayer, controls movement of material between ICF and ECF

What is the nucleus?

Contains DNA, 46 chromosomes, blueprint for daughter cell replication, directs protein synthesis, transcription and translation

What is cytoplasm?

portion of the cell interior not occupied by the nucleus, consists of various organelles, the cytoskeleton, and the cytosol

What percent of DNA codes of proteins?

1.5

What is a genome?

all genetic information in DNA

What is a proteome?

complete set of proteins expressed by protein coding genes, determines the structure and function of the cell

What is epigenetics?

the study of the environmentally induced changes in gene expression (ex smoking alter gene exp without changine gene code

What are organelles?

Membrane bound allow for compartmentalization of enzymatic reactions

What is the cytoskeleton?

provides shape, internal organization, and cellular movements

What is cytosol

cell liquid

What is ER?

elaborate fluid filled membranous system, produce proteins and lipids

what is the function of rough er?

synthesizes proteins for secretion and membrane construction

what is the function of the smooth ER?

packages new proteins in transport vesicles

What is ubiquitin?

“doom tag”, labels flawed proteins for destruction

What is the golgi complex?

stack of flattened, slightly curved, membrane enclosed sacs, modifications to proteins happens from golgi sac to the next, packages proteins for export by exocytosis

What is exocytosis?

A secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, releasing the vesicle contents to the cell exterior. The vesicle membrane becomes part of the plasma membrane

What is endocytosis?

Materials from the cell exterior are enclosed in a segment of the plasma membrane that pockets inward and pinches ooff as an endocytic vesicle

What are lysosomes?

small, membrane-enclosed, degradative organelles. digest extracellular material brought into the cell, remove worn-out organelles

What are peroxisomes?

membranous organelles, produce and decompose hydrogen peroxide, house oxidative enzymes that detoxify various wastes

What is the mitochondria?

energy organelles of the cell, extracts energy from food nutrients and turn it into usable form for activities, plays a major role in generating ATP

What is the structure of the mitchondria?

two membranes, inner membrane forms cristae

What is the four step process of ATP?

Cells produce ATP in their mitochondria, ATP delivered in the cytoplasm, energy release, ADP and phosphate being recycled to ATP

What is the electron transport system?

oxidative phosphorylation

What conditions generate more energy (Aerobic or anaerobic?)

aerobic

What is the energy stored within ATP for?

synthesis, transport and mechanical work

What is apoptosis?

programmed cell death, mitochondria plays a key role

What are mictotubules?

structure, help maintain asymmetric cell shapes and play a role in complex cell movements

What are microfilaments?

movement, important to cellular contractile systems and as mechanical stiffeners

What are intermediate filaments?

anchor points, important in cell regions subject to mechanical stress

What is cytokinesis?

cell splitting, preformed by actin

What is cilia?

directing movement outside the cell

What are microvilli?

smaller than cilia, do not move on their own, microfilaments (actin) act as supporting structure surface area