PSYC111 Building Block

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Psychology

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116 Terms

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clinical psychology
someone who sees people who have a disorder and helps them through the disorder with some kind of therapy
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experimental psychology
focuses on the scientific investigation of the human mind and behavior
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G. Stanley Hall
- first American to earn a PH.D in psychology
- first president of the APA
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Margaret Floy Washburn
first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology
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Francis Cecil Sumner
First African American to receive a Ph.D in psychology
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biopsychosocial
an integrated perspective that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
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clinical psychologist
psychologist that deals with mental disorders
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counseling psychologist
psychologist that helps people get through stressors or other situations
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nativism
born with knowledge
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philosophical empiricism
the view that all knowledge is acquired through experience
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Locke
brought conversation back to philosophical empiricism
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Weber and Fechner
interested in sensation and perception
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Gestalt Psychology
a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts
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Wilhelmina Wundt
father of psychology, structuralism
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Functionalism
A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.
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William James
considered father of functionalism
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Freud
focused on the unconcious mind
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Behaviorisim
behaviors are created/shaped by experiences
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Humanism
all humans have the capacity for good
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Social Psychology
focuses on the impact of others and perceived others
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evolutionary psychology
focuses on adaptive component of psychology
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Cultural Psychology
how culture impacts aspects of our psychology
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Educational Psychology
psychology focusing on education
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industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology
focuses on how to make businesses as effective as possible
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Forensic Psychology
intersection of psychology and the law
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basic research vs. applied research
basic: extends knowledge we already have
applied: seeks to solve a problem/issue in the world
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Reciprocal Determinism
Bandura's idea that though our environment affects us, we also affect our environment
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Naive Realism
belief that we see the world precisely as it is
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Peer Review
others in your field review your research in order to determine whether it is something that should be shared and spread
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Hindsight Bias
idea that once you get the results of a study, you claim you know you would get those results all along
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overconfidence
think you're better/smarter than you actually are
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Independent Variable
variable that the researcher is manipulating
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Dependent Variable
variable that you expect to see change in
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Experiment
researcher has sufficient control to be able to determine causality
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quasi-experiment
happens when you can't ethically manipulate the independent variable
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cross-sectional
want to test something based on age
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Naturalistic Observation
observe participants in their natural environments
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survey
read something and then answer questions
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between-subjects
Participants are exposed to only one level of your independent variable
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within subjects
each participant experiences all levels of the independent variable
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Reliabity
giving the same person a test at two different times, they should score approximately the same
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validity
how good is the operational claim
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internal validity
how much control the researcher has to determine validity
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external validity
how similar the study is to the real world
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sample
who participated in the study
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population
who your research is relevant to
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descriptive statistic
tells researcher what the data looks like
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inferential statistics
statistics neccesary to determine a change in the depended variable
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informed consent
need to inform participant of any risks they may engage with
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respect for persons
can't coerce people to participate
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beneficence
benefits have to outweigh the costs
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deception
misleading participants about the true purpose of a study or the events that will actually transpire
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confidentiality
personal information must be kept private
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debriefing
recap what happened in the study, come clean with any deception
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Tuskegee Study
Black Men in Alabama were infected with Syphilis. They were never made aware or given treatment. Participants didn't know they were participating in the study
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falsification
change, alter, or delete data
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fabrication
making up data
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experimenter expectancy
the researchers' biases and expectations influence the outcomes of the experiment
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Hawthorne effect
people behave differently when they know they are being observed
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social desireability bias
participant behaves in a socially acceptable way, rather than truthfully
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confounding variable
a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment
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Universal development
all humans develop in a similar way
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ecological development
environment and culture influence a person's development
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teratogens
things a fetus is exposed to in-utero that can alter development
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critical periods
have to develop a certain trait at a certain time, or you'll never develop it
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sensitive periods
easier to develop trait at times, but can still develop trait later
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authoritarian parenting
very strict, severe consequences, lots of rules
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permissive parenting
very few rules, rarely punished
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negligent parenting
not very involved, doesn't interact with child
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authoritative parenting
have rules, consequences fit the rule that was broken
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strange situation test
caregivers leave infants alone with a stranger and then return; tests attachment styles
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secure attachment style
awknowledges the caregivers' return, feels safe with caregiver
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avoidant attachment style
child doesn't care when caregiver leavers or when caregiver returns
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anxious-ambivalent attachment
very upset when caregiver leaves, remains upset when caregiver returns
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disorganized attachment
no consistent response pattern
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realism
rules are real; no reason to break them
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relativism
rules are there, but there may be situations to break the rules
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prescription
child looks at letter of the law
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principle
looks at meaning behind the law
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outcomes
judge right and wrong based on outcomes
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intentions
determine right and wrong based on intention of actors
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preconventional development - kohlberg
determine right and wrong based on rewards/punishments
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conventional development - kohlberg
use external guidelines to determine right and wrong
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postconventional development - kohlberg
use your own guidelines to determine right and wrong
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assimilate - piaget
fit new information into pre-existing cognitive structures
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accomodate - piaget
change structure to fit new information
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sensorimotor development - piaget
birth to 2 years; child learns through senses
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preoperational stage - piaget
ages 2-7; have more abstract thinking
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concrete operational - piaget
7-11 years; thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations
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formal operational stage - piaget
12-adulthood; can understand abstracts and hypotheticals better
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theory of mind
others have thought process different than your own
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rooting reflex
a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple
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palmar reflex
when you place your finger in an infant's palm, they will grasp it
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sucking reflex
important for feeding and self soothing
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babinski reflex
stroke the heel of infant to see reactions of the toes which flex/fan out
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Moro reflex
infant spreads arms and leg if they feel they're falling backwards
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cephiacaudal
babies develop control of their body starting with their head, and moving down
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proximodistal
control starts at trunk and moves outwards
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social referencing
when a baby is in a new environment, they look back to caregiver to see if the situation is okay/safe
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Stage 1 of Erikson's Theory
Trust vs Mistrust (birth-18 months)