PSYC111 Building Block

clinical psychology

someone who sees people who have a disorder and helps them through the disorder with some kind of therapy

experimental psychology

focuses on the scientific investigation of the human mind and behavior

G. Stanley Hall

- first American to earn a PH.D in psychology
- first president of the APA

Margaret Floy Washburn

first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology

Francis Cecil Sumner

First African American to receive a Ph.D in psychology

biopsychosocial

an integrated perspective that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

clinical psychologist

psychologist that deals with mental disorders

counseling psychologist

psychologist that helps people get through stressors or other situations

nativism

born with knowledge

philosophical empiricism

the view that all knowledge is acquired through experience

Locke

brought conversation back to philosophical empiricism

Weber and Fechner

interested in sensation and perception

Gestalt Psychology

a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts

Wilhelmina Wundt

father of psychology, structuralism

Functionalism

A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

William James

considered father of functionalism

Freud

focused on the unconcious mind

Behaviorisim

behaviors are created/shaped by experiences

Humanism

all humans have the capacity for good

Social Psychology

focuses on the impact of others and perceived others

evolutionary psychology

focuses on adaptive component of psychology

Cultural Psychology

how culture impacts aspects of our psychology

Educational Psychology

psychology focusing on education

industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology

focuses on how to make businesses as effective as possible

Forensic Psychology

intersection of psychology and the law

basic research vs. applied research

basic: extends knowledge we already have
applied: seeks to solve a problem/issue in the world

Reciprocal Determinism

Bandura's idea that though our environment affects us, we also affect our environment

Naive Realism

belief that we see the world precisely as it is

Peer Review

others in your field review your research in order to determine whether it is something that should be shared and spread

Hindsight Bias

idea that once you get the results of a study, you claim you know you would get those results all along

overconfidence

think you're better/smarter than you actually are

Independent Variable

variable that the researcher is manipulating

Dependent Variable

variable that you expect to see change in

Experiment

researcher has sufficient control to be able to determine causality

quasi-experiment

happens when you can't ethically manipulate the independent variable

cross-sectional

want to test something based on age

Naturalistic Observation

observe participants in their natural environments

survey

read something and then answer questions

between-subjects

Participants are exposed to only one level of your independent variable

within subjects

each participant experiences all levels of the independent variable

Reliabity

giving the same person a test at two different times, they should score approximately the same

validity

how good is the operational claim

internal validity

how much control the researcher has to determine validity

external validity

how similar the study is to the real world

sample

who participated in the study

population

who your research is relevant to

descriptive statistic

tells researcher what the data looks like

inferential statistics

statistics neccesary to determine a change in the depended variable

informed consent

need to inform participant of any risks they may engage with

respect for persons

can't coerce people to participate

beneficence

benefits have to outweigh the costs

deception

misleading participants about the true purpose of a study or the events that will actually transpire

confidentiality

personal information must be kept private

debriefing

recap what happened in the study, come clean with any deception

Tuskegee Study

Black Men in Alabama were infected with Syphilis. They were never made aware or given treatment. Participants didn't know they were participating in the study

falsification

change, alter, or delete data

fabrication

making up data

experimenter expectancy

the researchers' biases and expectations influence the outcomes of the experiment

Hawthorne effect

people behave differently when they know they are being observed

social desireability bias

participant behaves in a socially acceptable way, rather than truthfully

confounding variable

a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

Universal development

all humans develop in a similar way

ecological development

environment and culture influence a person's development

teratogens

things a fetus is exposed to in-utero that can alter development

critical periods

have to develop a certain trait at a certain time, or you'll never develop it

sensitive periods

easier to develop trait at times, but can still develop trait later

authoritarian parenting

very strict, severe consequences, lots of rules

permissive parenting

very few rules, rarely punished

negligent parenting

not very involved, doesn't interact with child

authoritative parenting

have rules, consequences fit the rule that was broken

strange situation test

caregivers leave infants alone with a stranger and then return; tests attachment styles

secure attachment style

awknowledges the caregivers' return, feels safe with caregiver

avoidant attachment style

child doesn't care when caregiver leavers or when caregiver returns

anxious-ambivalent attachment

very upset when caregiver leaves, remains upset when caregiver returns

disorganized attachment

no consistent response pattern

realism

rules are real; no reason to break them

relativism

rules are there, but there may be situations to break the rules

prescription

child looks at letter of the law

principle

looks at meaning behind the law

outcomes

judge right and wrong based on outcomes

intentions

determine right and wrong based on intention of actors

preconventional development - kohlberg

determine right and wrong based on rewards/punishments

conventional development - kohlberg

use external guidelines to determine right and wrong

postconventional development - kohlberg

use your own guidelines to determine right and wrong

assimilate - piaget

fit new information into pre-existing cognitive structures

accomodate - piaget

change structure to fit new information

sensorimotor development - piaget

birth to 2 years; child learns through senses

preoperational stage - piaget

ages 2-7; have more abstract thinking

concrete operational - piaget

7-11 years; thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations

formal operational stage - piaget

12-adulthood; can understand abstracts and hypotheticals better

theory of mind

others have thought process different than your own

rooting reflex

a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple

palmar reflex

when you place your finger in an infant's palm, they will grasp it

sucking reflex

important for feeding and self soothing

babinski reflex

stroke the heel of infant to see reactions of the toes which flex/fan out

Moro reflex

infant spreads arms and leg if they feel they're falling backwards

cephiacaudal

babies develop control of their body starting with their head, and moving down

proximodistal

control starts at trunk and moves outwards

social referencing

when a baby is in a new environment, they look back to caregiver to see if the situation is okay/safe

Stage 1 of Erikson's Theory

Trust vs Mistrust (birth-18 months)