NDLE 2022 Mock Board Exam 1: Nutritional Biochemistry and Clinical Dietetics

lysosome

A cell structure that removes and recycles waste products.

mitochondria

Organelle responsible for most of the metabolic energy production in the cell

endoplasmic reticulum

Cell structure that processes and packages proteins.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

This cell structure is involved in lipid synthesis:

liver

These are considered organs of the gastrointestinal tract except:

a. liver

b. stomach

c. small intestine

d. large intestine

liver

These are organs of excretion except:

a. kidneys

b. lungs

c. skin

d. liver

hydrolases

Enzymes that catalyze cleavage of bonds between carbon atoms and another atom by adding water:

small intestine

The major site of enzymatic digestion of food and nutrient absorption:

bioavailability

The degree to which an ingested nutrient gets absorbed and is made available to the body:

stomach

These are considered accessory organs of the digestive system except:

a. liver

b. pancreas

c. gallbladder

d. stomach

cytoplasm

The site of most of the biochemical reactions in the cell:

assimilation

Absorption is the same as:

gastrin

Hormone produced in the stomach that stimulates the release of HCl acid and pepsin:

cellulose

A complex carbohydrate described as a dietary fiber that is not digestible by digestive enzymes and is not an energy source.

microvilli of small intestine

Disaccharides are digested in the:

gelatin

An example of a totally incomplete protein.

Physiology

The science that deals with the functions of living organisms or their parts.

nutrition

The sum of processes by which living organisms utilize food for energy, growth and development, and maintenance.

metabolism

It pertains to all chemical changes in the body such as synthesizing food into complex elements and complex substances into simple ones in the production of energy

nutrient density

The ratio between the caloric content and the nutrient composition of a food

2

One glucose molecule will yield how many pyruvate products?

Tricarboxylic Acid cycle

The final pathway by which carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids are completely oxidized to carbon dioxide to release energy that is transferred to ATP molecules.

the characteristics of the side chain

The structure of amino acids that makes each amino acid unique, influencing its functional role in the body.

triglyceride

It is the major storage form of fat in the body:

lipoproteins

Complexes of lipids and proteins responsible for the transport and distribution of lipids in the lymph and blood.

soft margarine in tub

These are common rich sources of trans fat except:

a. cookies & pastries

b. soft margarine in tub

c. hard (stick) margarine

d. nondairy creamers

2, 3, 4

Based on essentiality classification of amino acids, conditionally indispensable amino acids can become indispensable depending on what conditions?

1. When carbohydrate and fat intakes are inadequate.

2. When its precursor availability is limited.

3. When an organ does not function properly.

4. When there is an inherited mutations in enzymes needed for amino acid utilization

glutamate

The precursor of proline and glutamine, two conditionally indispensable amino acids:

zymogen

The inactive form of an enzyme is known as a/an:

chylomicrons

The transport form of fat in the body after digestion and absorption:

digestive organs, liver, pancreas, circulatory system, kidneys

The principal organs in metabolism are:

It functions in glutathione peroxidase:

selenium

pepsin

Which enzyme has a zymogen?

HDL

Lipoprotein with the highest protein content:

yellow fruits and vegetables

Preformed sources of vitamin A except:

folate and B12

B-vitamins important in cell division.

lignin

The non-carbohydrate component of dietary fiber is:

jejunum

The site of calcium, magnesium, iron, and chloride absorption is:

beta oxidation

The process of fatty acid oxidation which occurs in the mitochondria is:

egg

It is used as a reference protein due to its well-balanced amino acid composition.

urea

It is the principal nitrogen-excretion product of metabolism.

use

Amino acids may be classified according to the following except:

a. pH

b. essentiality

c. use

d. metabolic pathway

oxidation

This reaction involves the removal of electrons from a molecule

hunger

All of these factors can affect BMR except:

a. body temperature

b. muscle mass

c. hunger

d. age

mitochondria

Brown fat differs from yellow fat since it contains more ______.

water

Of the macronutrients needed by man, the most important is:

1, 3, 4

Glutathione, one of the body's potent antioxidants, is synthesized from these 3 amino acids:

1. cysteine

2. cystine

3. glutamate

4. glycine

cysteine

This conditionally indispensable amino acid has methionine and serine as its precursors:

cysteine

A nonessential amino acid used to produce taurine which is important in the retina due to its antioxidant abilities.

lysine

This nitrogen-containing compound is made from the amino acid ____, which is needed for the transport of long chain fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane for oxidation.

soy protein

Incomplete proteins or low-quality proteins are derived from the following plant foods except:

a. legumes

b. cereals or grains

c. vegetables

d. soy protein

its indispensable amino acid composition

The quality of a protein depends mainly on:

methionine

The possible limiting amino acid in vegetables is:

Biological value

A method of determining the protein quality of foods that measures how much nitrogen is retained in the body for growth and maintenance rather than the amount absorbed.

leptin; ghrelin

The hormone that decreases one's urge to eat is ____ while ____ stimulates one's hunger and eventual food intake.

ascorbic acid

The only water-soluble vitamin with an antioxidant function acting as a reducing agent or electron donor

folate, vitamin B12

Two B vitamins involved in hematopoiesis or red blood cell formation.

Fe

Vitamin C interacts with this mineral by enhancing its intestinal absorption:

thiamin

The first vitamin that was discovered is:

d. It contains a heme group

Which one of the following statements about vitamin B12 is incorrect?

a. It can serve as a source of a cofactor required for the conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.

b. It requires a specific glycoprotein for its absorption.

c. It may be present in inadequate quantities in a strictly vegetarian diet.

d. It contains a heme group.

b. Its requirement varies with one's caloric intake.

Which one of the following statements about ascorbic acid is incorrect?

a. It is readily absorbed, particularly in the presence of divalent metal ions.

b. Its requirement varies with one's caloric intake.

c. It is metabolized in part to oxalate which can form an insoluble salt with calcium.

d. It facilitates the absorption of dietary iron.

cysteine

The amino acid that can form a special covalent bond called a disulfide bond.

protein

The macromolecule that will produce a positive reaction when a Biuret's test is used:

fat

This macromolecule's functions include insulation, waterproofing, and shock absorption:

albumin

The most abundant protein in the human blood plasma is:

glucose transporter 4 (GLUT 4)

Insulin is a peptide hormone produced in the pancreas by beta cells. It aims to lower the glucose levels in the blood, and is normally secreted after every meal. Its action is to activate the transporters of glucose found on the surface of cells so that the cells can take up glucose from the blood and into the cells. The glucose transporter regulated by the action of insulin is:

lecithin

It is an example of a phospholipid

lingual lipase

The enzyme that helps in the digestion of fats and is more active in infants than adults

simple protein

Histone is a type of:

palmitic acid

It is a saturated fatty acid:

glucose transport

A pathway/step of carbohydrate metabolism that is stimulated by insulin in muscles but not in the liver:

physical activity

The most variable component of energy expenditure is:

direct calorimetry

The amount of energy expended is measured by monitoring heat production through:

are precursors to coenzymes

Most vitamins _____.

a. are precursors to coenzymes.

b. are synthesized by humans.

c. consist of amino acids, fatty acids or sugars.

d. are covalently linked to proteins without modification.

aldosterone

The kidney hormone that signals to reabsorb sodium.

homocysteine

A derivative of methionine metabolism which at high levels is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.

folate

A deficiency of this vitamin shows similar signs and symptoms as vitamin B12

25-hydroxy vitamin D3 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3

Adequate levels of vitamin D and low levels of calcium in the blood will induce the following conversion of vitamin D in the kidney:

E

The vitamin most directly involved in protecting biomolecules from damage caused by oxidation is:

chylomicrons

Cholesterol and triglycerides absorbed by the small intestine are transported through the lymph system to the thoracic duct as:

ascorbic acid

An elderly man shows large spots of bleeding in the skin, small hemorrhages around hair follicles, and receding gums. He should be most probably treated with oral administration of:

histidine

An amino acid that cannot be synthesized from glucose:

tryptophan

The precursor of serotonin is:

oxaloacetate

Intermediates of the Citric Acid Cycle are replenished by a reaction converting pyruvate to:

purine and uric acid synthesis

The pathway followed by NH2 after oxidative deamination is:

carbohydrate, fat

Nutrient/s with protein-sparing effect:

edema

Reduced blood albumin level results in:

broken down for energy or used to synthesize glucose and fat

Excess dietary protein is:

a. broken down for energy or used to synthesize glucose and fat

b. excreted directly in the urine

c. stored in the body

d. all of the above

sucrose

This carbohydrate must be further digested before it can be absorbed into the blood:

vitamin K

The vitamin synthesized by bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract

thiamin

A vitamin which cannot be synthesized by the body from a provitamin.

Glycolysis

Synonymous to Krebs Cycle except:

a. Citric Acid Cycle

b. Aerobic pathway

c. Glycolysis

d. Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

the percentage of nitrogen absorbed

NPU is a measure to test:

B2

A B-vitamin which functions as a coenzyme in the breakdown of fat for energy production.

carotenoid

The form of vitamin A that can function as an antioxidant

d. all of the above

Dark green leafy vegetables are good sources of:

a. Fe & Ca

b. vitamin C

c. vitamin A

d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Nutrients involved in night vision:

a. vitamin A

b. zinc

c. iron

d. all of the above

b. lycopene

These forms of vitamin A can be converted to retinal in the body except:

a. β-carotene

b. lycopene

c. alpha-carotene

d. β-cryptoxanthin

B6

Due to its many roles in amino acid metabolism, its dietary needs are proportional to protein intake:

vitamins C & D

Constituents of food which enhance Ca absorption.