geography-lithosphere

wave cut

waves attack a crack, in the cliff.(1) this is widened by erosion forming a wave cut notch.(1)

one process of erosion is solution. this is when soluble rock (1) is broken down by acids and salts in the water.(1)

abrasion is when the force of water throws rocks (1) against river banks wearing them down.(1)

further erosion widens the notch undercutting the cliff (1) until it can no longer support the weight of the rock above and it collapses.(1)

this continues over time and the cliff retreats backwards (1) forming a wave cut platform.

an example is bracken bay.(1)

headlands and bays

headlands and bays form where there are alternating bands of soft and hard rock.(1)

solution takes place this is when soluble rocks (1) are broken down by adios and salts in the water.(1)

abrasion also takes place this is when the force of the water throws rocks (1) against the river banks wearing them down.(1)

due to differential erosion the softer rock is eroded quicker than the harder rock which forms a bay.(1)

the hard rock is eroded more slowly so remains sticking out into the sea forming headlands.(1)

an example is bracken bay.(1)

Stacks

Waves attack a crack in the headland.(1)

Continuous erosion will open up the crack and it will develop into a sea cave.(1)

One type of erosion is abrasion this is when the force of water throws rocks (1) against the river banks wearing them down.(1)

Solution is when soluble rocks (1) are broken down by acids and salts in the water.(1)

Over time the erosion cuts through the back wall creating an arch.(1)

The base of the arch is attacked by the waves making it wider (1) until it can no longer support the heavy roof, causing it to collapse.(1)

An example is old harry.(1)

Sand split

Sand spits are formed when there is a change in direction on a coastline.(1)

Longshore drift which is the zigzag movement of waves (1) takes place where waves, driven by the prevailing wind (1) push material up the beach at an angle this is known as swash.(1)

The returning backwash is dragged back by gravity (1) down the beach at right angles.(1)

Material slowly builds up to appear above the water (1) and begins to grow longer and wider.

The shape can become hooked or curved due to changes in wind direction.(1)

A salt marsh may form in a sheltered area behind a sand spit.(1)

An example is rat beach in Croatia.(1)

Sand bar

Sand bars are formed when there is a change in direction on a coastline.(1)

Longshore drift which is the zigzag movement zag movement of waves (1) takes place where waves, driven by the prevailing wind (1) push material up the beach at an angle this is known as swash.(1)

The returning backwash is dragged back by gravity (1) down the beach at right angles.(1)

Material slowly builds up to appear above the water (1) extending across the entrance to a bay, connecting two headlands.(1)

The sand bar grows across enclosing a sheltered lagoon behind it.(1)

An example is Miami Beach in Florida.(1)

Tombolo

Tombolos are formed when there is a change in direction on a coastline.(1)

Longshore drift which is the zigzag movement zag zag movement of waves (1) takes place where where waves, driven by prevailing wind (1) push material up the beach at ana angle this is known as swash.(1)

The returning backwash is dragged back by gravity down the beach at right angles.(1)

Material slowly builds up to appear above the water (1) connecting the mainland to an island.(1)

The island stops Longshore drift as incoming waves are blocked so it does not continue along the beach.(1)

An example is st ninians.(1)

Corrie

Snow accumulates in a north facing hollow (1) where more snow falls in winter than melts in summer forming a glacier.(1)

The glacier moves downhill due to gravity.(1)

Abrasion takes place where angular rocks that are embedded in the glacier (1) act like sandpaper and scrape along the bottom making it deeper.(1)

Also freeze thaw is when water gets into cracks in rocks, freezes (1) and expands breaking the rock apart.(1)

An example is corrie fee.(1)

Arête

Snow accumulates in 2 or more hollows (1) where more snow falls in winter that melts in summer forming glaciers.(1)

The glaciers then start to move downhill due to gravity (1) as they move they erode backwards towards each other.(1)

This causes abrasion which is when angular rocks embedded in the glacier (1) act like sandpaper and scrape the bottom of the hollow making it deeper.(1)

Freeze thaw is when water gets into the cracks in rocks, freezes (1) and expands breaking the rock apart.(1)

This continued erosion makes two deep corries with a sharp knife edged ridge between them.

An example is striding edge.(1)

Pyramidal peak

Snow accumulates in 3 or more hollows (1) where more snow falls in winter than melts in summer forming glaciers.(1)

The glaciers move downhill due to gravity (1) as they move they erode backwards into the mountain.(1)

Abrasion occurs this is when angular rocks embedded in the glacier (1) act like sandpaper and erode the base of the hollow making it deeper.(1)

Freeze thaw is when water gets into cracks in rocks, freezes (1) and expands breaking the rock apart.(1)

An example is goatfell.(1)

U-shaped valley

Snow accumulates in a north facing hollow (1) where more snow falls in winter than melts in summer forming a glacier.(1)

The glacier moves downhill due to gravity (1) following existing v-shaped valleys.(1)

Abrasion is when the angular rocks embedded in the glacier (1) act like sandpaper and scrape the valley floor, making it deeper/flatter.(1)

Freeze thaw is when water gets into cracks in a rock, freezes (1) and expands breaking the rock apart.(1)

A u-shaped valley is formed often with a misfit stream which no longer fits the valley floor.(1)

An example is glen coe.(1)

Ribbon lake

Snow accumulates in a north facing hollow (1) where more snow falls in winter than melts in summer forming a glacier.(1)

The glacier moves downhill due to gravity (1) following existing v-shaped valleys.

Freeze thaw occurs this is when water gets into cracks in a rock, freezes (1) and expands breaking the rock apart. (1)

Abrasion is when the angular rocks embedded in the glacier (1) act like sandpaper and scrape the valley floor, making it deeper.(1)

Ribbon lakes form where sections of softer rock on the valley floor are eroded more deeply by abrasion.(1)

An example of this is Loch Lomond.(1)

Hanging valleys

Snow accumulates in a north facing hollow (1) where more snow falls in winter than melts in summer forming a glacier.(1)

Smaller tributary glaciers move downhill due to gravity (1) eventually meeting large glaciers flowing through v-shaped valleys.(1)

Freeze thaw is when water gets into a crack in a rock, it freezes (1) and expands breaking the rock apart.(1)

Abrasion is when the angular rocks embedded embedded in the glacier (1) act like sandpaper and scrapes the bedrock, making the valley deeper.(1)

The smaller tributary glaciers are less powerful and do not erode as deeply, they leave smaller valleys hanging above the main valley.(1)

An example is grey mares tail.(1)

Drumlin

Drumlins have a steep stops slope facing up-valley (1) and a more gentle-sloping Lee slope facing down the valley.(1)

Drumlins are made of unsourced glacial deposits (1) consisting of boulder clay.(1)

They are formed as the glacier becomes overloaded with sediment and deposits it (1) then it is smoothed over as the ice flows over it.(1)

Esker

Eskers are long winding ridges of sediment that were deposited along the valley floor.(1)

They are made up of sands and gravels (1) and are sorted by size (1) because heavier stones are dropped first by flowing water.(1)

When the glacier started to melt as temperatures rose (1) streams flowed through tunnels in or underneath a glacier (1) depositing sediment.

Terminal moraine

Terminal moraine is a ridge across the valley (1) of unsorted material.(1)

As the glacier moves downhill it acts like a bulldozer (1) pushing sediments in front of its snout as it goes.(1)

The glacier then starts to melt as temperatures rise (1) losing power and depositing the moraine.(1)

This marks the furthest point the glacier has travelled.(1)