Scientific Method Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms from the lecture notes on the Scientific Method.

Science

Systematic pursuit of knowledge about natural phenomena; means “to know” in Latin.

Inquiry

The search for information and explanations of natural phenomena; relies on observations and published data.

Observation

Careful noticing of natural phenomena used to form questions, hypotheses, and tests.

Hypothesis

Tentative, testable explanation based on observations; often formulated as an if-then statement.

Testability

Quality of a hypothesis that allows it to be investigated scientifically; requires measurable variables and a clear method.

Falsifiability

Ability of a hypothesis to be contradicted by evidence; allows revision and avoids untestable claims.

Independent Variable

Variable deliberately changed or controlled to test its effect (the input).

Dependent Variable

Variable measured or observed; the effect of the independent variable (the output).

Experiment

A controlled test to determine relationships between variables by manipulating the independent variable and observing effects.

Inductive Reasoning

Derives generalizations from a large number of specific observations.

Deductive Reasoning

Uses general premises to make specific predictions; general to specific conclusions.

Paradigm Shift

A fundamental change in the way we understand the world, often due to new evidence or insights.

Germ Theory of Disease

Idea that specific diseases are caused by specific microorganisms.

Pasteurization

Process of heating a substance to kill pathogens; associated with Louis Pasteur.

Theory

Well-substantiated explanation of a natural phenomenon, supported by extensive evidence and testing.

Law

Concise statement or mathematical relationship describing a consistent pattern in nature; explains what happens but not why.

Steps of the Scientific Method

Observe → Ask a question → Do research → Construct hypothesis → Test hypothesis → Analyze data & draw conclusions → Communicate results.

Research

Search and understand published data.

Analyze Data

Process of examining data to draw conclusions and determine whether the hypothesis is supported.

Communicate Results

Share findings with the scientific community to allow evaluation and replication.

Observational Study

Non-experimental studies (e.g., cohort or case-control) used when experiments are impractical or unethical.

Peer Review

Process by which experts evaluate data, methods, and conclusions to ensure reliability.

Interdisciplinary Synthesis

Combining insights from multiple fields to enrich understanding.

Empiricism

Knowledge derived from observation and experience.

Skepticism

Questioning assumptions and demanding evidence to support claims.

Waggle Dance

Bees’ dance used to communicate nectar location; the interpretation and its evidence have been debated.