GCSE History- Paper 1 Inter-War (1919-1929)

end of world war one- signing of armistice

november 11th, 1918

start of world war two- invasion of Poland

September 1939

what did France want from the treaty of Versailles?

revenge and punishment by bankrupting and destroying the German economy

How much in reparations did France want Germany to pay?

£44B in reparations

What did Britain want from the treaty of Versailles?

continue trade with Germany and prevent spread of communism

How much in reparations did Britain want Germany to pay?

£24b in reparations

What did the USA want from the treaty of Versailles?

peace in Europe and self determination

How much did the USA want Germany to pay for WW1?

£4.4B

how much did Germany ultimately end up paying for world war one?

£6.6B/132m marks in reparations

self determination

colonies are able to rule themselves as independent countries; a policy encouraged by Woodrow Wilson.

who was Britain's leader at the end of WW1?

David Lloyd-George

Who was France's leader at the end of WW1?

George Clemenceau

Who was America's leader at the end of WW1?

Woodrow Wilson

What were Wilson's fourteen points/aims?

a list of 14 aims which he believed would make the world more peaceful and encourage international cooperation.

most important points of Wilson's 14 aims

independence, democracy, fairness, Alsace-Loraine returned to France, League of Nations, self determination

what did the countries end up doing for the treaty of Versailles?

come to a compromise

where was the treaty of Versailles signed?

Palace of Versailles, Paris Peace Conference

when was the treaty of Versailles signed?

June 28th, 1919

What happened to the Kaiser after WW1?

he fled to the Netherlands and lived in a castle

What did the league of nations not have?

an army/military

Who were the founding nations of the League of Nations?

Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan

What was the USA not a founding member of the League of Nations?

the American congress voted against joining the League due to its isolationist state at the time

Why weren't the USSR/Russians in the League of Nations?

Britain and France feared the spread of communism, but they later joined in 1934

Why weren't Germany in the League of Nations

The treaty of Versailles imposed the blame of the war on them and they weren't allowed as a punishment for starting the first world war

Who weren't invited to sign the Treaty of Versailles?

Germany was not invited to the Paris peace conference and were forced upon the treaty as they were threatened to be invaded agin if they refused.

What was the article stating the blame on Germany in the treaty of Versailles?

article 231

what was the article for reparations in the treaty of Versailles?

article 232

Who were the 'big three' at the Paris peace conference?

United States, United Kingdom, France

What was Woodrow Wilson's main aim at the Paris peace confrence?

establishing the League of Nations

What was the main aim of George Clemenceau at the Paris peace confrence?

dismantling the German military and economy

Which territory was returned to France by the treaty of Versailles?

Alsace-Lorraine

How did Germany feel about the Treaty of Versailles

outraged, humiliation

What did Germany have to do to its military following the treaty of Versailles?

demilitarise and reduce size of army

What was the impact of the treaty of Versailles on the German economy?

economic hardship and inflation

what was the treaty of Versailles known as?

a diktat (dictated peace)

What was the clause in the treaty of Versailles that blamed Germany for starting the war?

War-guilt clause

What happened to the Sarr after the treaty of Versailles?

It was placed under the Leagues control for 15 years but given to France to govern before a plebiscite

plebiscite

vote of the people

Treaty that punished Turkey for involvement in WW1?

Treaty of the Sevres

Treaty that punished Bulgaria for involvement in WW1?

Treaty of the Neuilly

Treaty that punished Austria for involvement in WW1?

Treaty of the St-Germain

Treaty that punished Hungary for involvement in WW1?

treaty of the Trianon

What were the names of the treaties in the wider settlement named after?

suburbs of Paris

Covenant of the League

the rules of the League

How often did the league of nations assembly meet?

Once a year

What was the council of the league (security council)?

the committee that took major decisions, containing Britain, France, Italy, and Japan

What did Wilson want from the League?

'world's parliament', club of countries

What did Lloyd-George want from the League?

simple organisation to discuss issues and cooperate in emergencies with no real power

What did Clemenceau want from the League?

strong army and protection for France incase of invasion

What did the League promise countries?

collective security

what is collective security?

attack on one countries = attack on all, countries would help another country being attacked; serves as deterrent

How did the League's security council make decisions?

in a unanimous vote, meaning all countries had to agree on a decision

How many members did the League of Nations have when it was founded?

41 members

When did Germany join the League of Nations?

1926, as a result of the Locarno Treaty

Who helped Germany join the League?

Gustav Stresemann

When did the soviet union join the League?

1934

How did the league plan on dealing with issues?

first with mitigation (discussion of issue), then moral condemnation (criticism), finally with economic sanctions

where was the base of the league of nations?

Geneva, Switzerland- a traditionally neutral country

What was Britain and Frances attitude to the League?

they lacked commitment due to internal affairs at home, such as mass unemployment and recovery from war

International Labour Organisation

improvement of working hours and encouraging minimum age restrictions; only 4 countries supported 8 hour work days proposed by the ILO, but 77 agreed to se a minimum wage, most nations ignored child labour

Refugees commission

aimed to resettle people who sought refuge in WW1; they freed 400,000 POWs and set up refugee camps for the conflict between Greece and turkey in the 1920s and also sent doctors to conflict zones

disarmament commission

aimed to reduce size of military's and eventually remove arm conflict, but no country disarmed

slavery commission

aimed to reduce slavery and human trafficking of women and children; successfully managed to free 200,000 slaves in Sierra Leone, leading to abolishment of Slavery there in 1927. Afghanistan abolished slavery in 1923, Iraq in 1924, Nepal in 1926 and Persia in 1929

Health commission

aimed to combat diseases by bringing doctors and health experts together; established campaigns to kill mosquitos containing malaria and combatted smallpox

Mandates commission

they ensured colonies were ruled fairly; run mandates such as the Sarr and organised plebiscites within mandates.

Aaland islands dispute (1921)

Sweden and Finland compromised by giving the islands to Finland but preserving Swedish culture and language, also not allowing Finland to build forts there, preventing a potential conflict close to Sweden

Upper Silesia dispute (1921)

a plebiscite organised and the region split between Poland and Germany by a compromise

Bulgaria dispute (1925)

Greece forced to withdraw from Bulgaria after invading them, as Greek soldiers killed by Bulgarians a few days prior; Greece sees the decision as hypocritical to Italy invading Corfu

Vilna dispute (1920)

Lithuania remains in a stale war with Poland as Britain and France refused to send troops; Poland invades Vilna, a city with a majority Polish population

Corfu dispute (1923)

small council of ambassadors try solves dispute instead of council because Italy was involved in the security council and threatened to leave. Mussolini bombed Corfu when his terms weren't met as four Italians were killed on the Greek-Albanian border

Locarno treaties (1925)

Germany accepted territorial changes in the treaty of Versailles and agreed to keep troops out of Rhineland, as well as not trying to reclaim Alsace-Lorraine, as well as promised not to attack France or Belgium. This was signed to improve heated relations with France and paved the way for them to join the league a year later.

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

agreement organised by America and France with over 60 countries promised to settle disputes peacefully; this made the League look ineffective

Rapallo Treaty (1922)

Germany and Russia agreed to future cooperation as Germany agrees to return land and money back from WW1; proves settlements can be made with out the league

peacemakers

'the big three'

how many nations were at the Paris peace confrence?

over 30 nations

impact of the great depression

unemployment, poor economies

What land did Germany lose in the Treaty of Versailles?

Polish corridor, Alsace-Lorraine, Saar, Rhineland (demilitarised)