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Chemical Reaction
A process where substances change into different ones
Enzyme
A protein that speeds up chemical reactions
Substrate
The molecule an enzyme acts on
Activation Energy
The energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Catalysis
The speeding up of a chemical reaction by a catalyst
Catalysts
Substances that speed up reactions without being used up
pH
A scale that measures how acidic or basic something is
Competitive Inhibition
When a substance blocks the enzyme's active site
Denaturation
When a protein (like an enzyme) loses its shape and stops working
Noncompetitive Inhibition
When something changes the enzyme's shape so it can't bind to the substrate
Cyanobacteria
Bacteria that can do photosynthesis, like plants
NADPH/NADP+
Molecules that carry energy in photosynthesis
Electron
A tiny, negatively charged particle involved in energy transfer
Inorganic Chemistry
The study of chemicals without carbon-hydrogen bonds
Organic Chemistry
The study of carbon-containing compounds
Oxidation
When a molecule loses electrons
Stimuli
Signals from the environment that cause a response
Aerobic
Needing oxygen
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
A low-energy molecule that becomes ATP when energy is added
Anaerobic
Not needing oxygen
Cellular Respiration
The process of making energy (ATP) from glucose
Electrochemical Gradient
A difference in charge and chemical concentration across a membrane
Electron Acceptor
A molecule that takes in electrons during a reaction
Electron Carrier
A molecule that moves electrons during reactions (like NADH)
Endothermic
A reaction that absorbs energy (feels cold)
Fermentation
A way of making energy without oxygen
Glycolysis
The first step of cellular respiration; breaks glucose into pyruvate
Lactic Acid
A product of fermentation that builds up in muscles
NADH/NAD+
Molecules that carry electrons and help make ATP
Photophosphorylation
Making ATP using light energy (in photosynthesis)
Proton
A positively charged particle, important in energy flow
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Making ATP using oxygen and the electron transport chain
Pyruvate
The product of glycolysis; used in the next step of respiration
Coenzyme
A helper molecule that works with enzymes
ATP Synthesis
The process of making ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
The main energy molecule in cells
Calvin Cycle
The second part of photosynthesis that makes sugar
Chlorophyll
The green pigment in plants that absorbs sunlight
Krebs Cycle
A step in cellular respiration that makes energy-rich molecules
Grana
Stacks of thylakoids inside chloroplasts
Electron Transport Chain
A series of proteins that move electrons to make ATP
Light-Dependent Reactions
The first part of photosynthesis that needs sunlight
Photosynthesis
The process where plants use sunlight to make food
Photosystems
Protein-pigment complexes that capture light for photosynthesis
Stroma
The fluid inside chloroplasts where the Calvin cycle happens
Thylakoid
A membrane structure in chloroplasts where light reactions occur