Ap Biology Unit 3: Cellular energetics

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46 Terms

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Chemical Reaction

A process where substances change into different ones

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Enzyme

A protein that speeds up chemical reactions

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Substrate

The molecule an enzyme acts on

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Activation Energy

The energy needed to start a chemical reaction

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Catalysis

The speeding up of a chemical reaction by a catalyst

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Catalysts

Substances that speed up reactions without being used up

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pH

A scale that measures how acidic or basic something is

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Competitive Inhibition

When a substance blocks the enzyme's active site

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Denaturation

When a protein (like an enzyme) loses its shape and stops working

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Noncompetitive Inhibition

When something changes the enzyme's shape so it can't bind to the substrate

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Cyanobacteria

Bacteria that can do photosynthesis, like plants

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NADPH/NADP+

Molecules that carry energy in photosynthesis

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Electron

A tiny, negatively charged particle involved in energy transfer

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Inorganic Chemistry

The study of chemicals without carbon-hydrogen bonds

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Organic Chemistry

The study of carbon-containing compounds

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Oxidation

When a molecule loses electrons

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Stimuli

Signals from the environment that cause a response

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Aerobic

Needing oxygen

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Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

A low-energy molecule that becomes ATP when energy is added

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Anaerobic

Not needing oxygen

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Cellular Respiration

The process of making energy (ATP) from glucose

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Electrochemical Gradient

A difference in charge and chemical concentration across a membrane

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Electron Acceptor

A molecule that takes in electrons during a reaction

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Electron Carrier

A molecule that moves electrons during reactions (like NADH)

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Endothermic

A reaction that absorbs energy (feels cold)

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Fermentation

A way of making energy without oxygen

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Glycolysis

The first step of cellular respiration; breaks glucose into pyruvate

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Lactic Acid

A product of fermentation that builds up in muscles

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NADH/NAD+

Molecules that carry electrons and help make ATP

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Photophosphorylation

Making ATP using light energy (in photosynthesis)

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Proton

A positively charged particle, important in energy flow

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

Making ATP using oxygen and the electron transport chain

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Pyruvate

The product of glycolysis; used in the next step of respiration

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Coenzyme

A helper molecule that works with enzymes

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ATP Synthesis

The process of making ATP

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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

The main energy molecule in cells

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Calvin Cycle

The second part of photosynthesis that makes sugar

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Chlorophyll

The green pigment in plants that absorbs sunlight

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Krebs Cycle

A step in cellular respiration that makes energy-rich molecules

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Grana

Stacks of thylakoids inside chloroplasts

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Electron Transport Chain

A series of proteins that move electrons to make ATP

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Light-Dependent Reactions

The first part of photosynthesis that needs sunlight

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Photosynthesis

The process where plants use sunlight to make food

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Photosystems

Protein-pigment complexes that capture light for photosynthesis

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Stroma

The fluid inside chloroplasts where the Calvin cycle happens

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Thylakoid

A membrane structure in chloroplasts where light reactions occur