Final Art History

Jeweled fibulae such as the pair found in France from the Early Medieval European period functioned as a clasp...

and were most likely used as status symbols

Cloisonne refers to a technique known as the premier art during the early middle ages

cloisonne is a method jewelers used to create partitions filled with stone or glass

Manuscripts became a distinctive product used in the Christian Church

these texts were considered sacred and given much care during their production in the monasteries

Irish or Celtic stone crosses, such as the High Cross, are identifiable by which of the following

a circle intersecting the cross arms

What do the bronze doors of St. Michaels at hildesheim illustrate?

original sin and redemption

___ was a possible model for Bernward's column at St. Michaels of Hildeshiem

Trajan's column.

The ________________ burial epitomizes the early medieval tradition of burying great lords with rich furnishings

Sutton Hoo

What do later generations owe to Charlemagne's patronage?

the restoration of the text from the bible

Which of the following encouraged the growth of towns and cities?

a sharp increase in trade

Pilgrims views on relics:

many believed these relics held special powers and would travel great distances to view or touch these sacred items

A "Pilgrimage Church" originated in what period?

Romanesque Europe

The tympanum during the Romanesque period would typically include...

Scenes from the life of Christ

During the Romanesque period Mary is often portrayed seated with Christ depicted as a child on her lap, what is the common term for this?

The Throne of Wisdom

Hildegard of Bingen made a number of significant contributions to both the arts and science, but she is most well known for her visions.

Hildegard was sought out for council as she was respected for her special gift

The intersection of two barrel vaults creates what?

rib vault

The focus of both intellectual and religious life changed in the rapidly expanding cities, going from monasteries in the countryside to larger pilgrimage churches and cathedrals. Which of the following would account for this change?

It was a time of great prosperity in Europe and France in particular experienced growth in population and new architecture.

What became a standard feature of French Gothic architecture?

Rose windows

The portal sculptural program for Chartres Cathedral is distinctly different from its Romanesque counterparts. Which of the following accounts for this distinction?

the prominence of Mary in the portal program

Paris claimed to be the intellectual center of Gothic Europe. Scholastic guilds are examples of this, which of the following best supports this claim?

It was a center for fine book production

What are the 3 key elements of gothic architecture?

- pointed arches

- stained glass windows

- flying buttresses

Interlacing

includes intertwining ribbon-like designs, as well as abstract animal imagery

*the premiere style

Relic

sacred item

Mandorla

used to depict sacred moments which transcend time & space (like resurrection)

Tympanum

area above doorway of churched used for exterior sculpture

Lux Nova

"new light"

Reliquary

container that holds the sacred item

Constantinople eventually became the new .....

artistic center of the Eastern Roman Empire

After the Carolingian empire fell (period Charlemagne ruled in) the Ottonians....

replaced it as the next force in Western Europe during the early medieval period

What period did Charlamagne rule in?

Carolingian Empire

Constantine

Roman emperor who converted to Christianity, legalized Christianity in 313 with the Edict of Milan

The most significant transformation of the human condition was a result of

the agricultural revolution

Figures sculpted in the round can be defined as

freestanding

Describe the Venus of Willendorf

a small Paleolithic figurine of a woman

A large ice mass began to melt around 9000 BCE which sparked a change for early humans, what best fits the link between the two periods?

During the Paleolithic period humans were living as hunter gatherers and the Neolithic periods are marked by a change towards farming and living in communities.

Within the Catal Hoyuk settlement a landscape painting was found. What statement best defines the term landscape?

It is a picture of a natural setting without any narrative content

What is a composite view of human representation?

frontal torso, profile head, legs and arms

What is the most agreed upon reason behind the cave paintings from the Paleolithic period?

insurance for their survival

The Ziggurat at Ur can best be described as a:

Sumerian temple base

In ancient Mesopotamia, hierarchy of scale is a convention which indicates what?

order of importance

The open-eyed stares of the votive statues "Statuettes of two worshipers" of ancient Sumer are thought to represent:

eternal wakefulness and duty

The Sumerians may have been the first to use pictures to tell coherent stories. What argument makes this a valid assertion?

narrative presented in registers or bands

Which of the following is the best example of a Stele?

Law Code of Hammurabi

Describe cuneiform and why it is significant

Pictographs are a system of writing developed by the Sumerians in the ancient Near East which led to cuneiform, and marks the beginning of writing.

Describe the use of cylinder seals

Cylinder seals were used to mark possessions, identify ownership, and functioned much like a signature.

The Ancient Egyptians believed the unification of Egypt took place in a single great event. What is a record of that great event?

Palette of Narmer

Describe one of the drawbacks of the fresco secco, (dry) technique?

colors do not fuse to the wall surface

Tomb interiors often included scenes of hunting. This was associated with the idea of providing provisions for the ka, and it is also a metaphor for what?

1. triumph over death

2. triumph over evil

What is the best explanation for the portrayal of Akhenaton's body type?

it was meant to represent the sexless sun disk god

The Rosetta Stone was a discovery which allowed what?

The stone's discovery was a huge factor to unlocking the mysteries of ancient Egypt.

A Palette could best be described as

a stone slab with a circular depression used for mixing pigment to then be applied to the face.

The Treasury of Atreus (Tholos Style) is an excellent example of a

beehive tomb

Minoan columns, (Prehistoric Aegean) are distinguished by:

tapering shape and wide open capitals

What is a palace on Crete where artifacts such as "Snake Goddess" were found?

Knossos

The Prehistoric Aegean Lion Gate is the gateway to:

Mycenae

Minoans coated the rough surface of their rubble walls with a fine white lime plaster that required rapid execution and great skill. Which painting method was used with this type of fabrication?

true fresco

Spring Fresco is the first pure landscape. What best defines landscape?

It has no humans and no narrative element.

It has been suggested that Cycladic figurines, (Figurine of a Woman & Male Lyre Player) were funerary offerings. Based on their schematized representation and sized, how might they have been placed in the graves?

placed on their backs

The funerary practice of the Mycenaean's, covering the faces of the dead with gold masks, recalls what other culture?

Egyptians

What form of arch is ABOVE the lintel of the Lion Gate?

corbelled arch

What was the subject matter seen on the largest dagger found in the tomb from Grave Circle A?

hunters attacking lions

A standing figure of a young man is known in Greek art as what?

kouros

A female figure used as an architectural support (column) was known as a:

caryatid

Repousse is a method...

used by metal workers to produce an image form a single sheet of metal pushing the features from the back

The Ancient Greeks loved the idea of the perfect human and transferred this idea to their sculptures, eventually progressing to the point of showing a figure standing at rest - termed Contrapposto. What statement best fits this term?

A figure standing with one leg tensed the other leg at rest, creating a natural S curve.

In Ancient Greece temples were built in an elevated place in the city. The term for this is

an acropolis

The earliest known example of the use of contrapposto is the sculpture known as the

Kritios Boy

Early Archaic monumental stone statues followed Egyptian style very closely. This style can be described as

rigidly frontal left foot slightly advanced

In ancient Greece, a painting method was employed on many of the statues and temples. What best describes this method?

the method used is when pigment is mixed with wax then applied to the surface

An Amphora could best be described as...

a vessel with two handles meant to store liquid of for transport.

The Ionic order is...

typically found on Crete and the Aegean Islands, noted for its decorative qualities.

The Doric order is...

typically found on the mainland (not Crete) and could be described as visually heavy, with wide open capitals.

What were the Ancient Greece periods?

1. Orientalizing and Geometric

2. Archaic

3. Early Classical

4. High Classical

5. Late Classical

6. Hellenistic

Sarcophagi began to gain popularity among Christians for burial so their production increased. Which of the following best fits this statement?

Often these were made in workshops prior to the death of an individual so facial features remained blank until they were purchased.

In the Dura painting, Samuel anoints David, David is depicted with an attribute which is an example of prefiguration. Which of the following is that attribute?

purple toga

Why is the Christian community house in Dura-Europos only a small house?

Christians did not enjoy financial support form the Roman state

Early Christian cemeteries were a network of chambers dug underground. Which of the following would best complete this statements?

These catacombs would run for miles and give us the earliest information about Christian life and rituals.

What was the typical convention used to depict the human form during the Early Byzantine Period?

Small shoulder where the fabric hangs loose from the body and little of the form is visible.

Which of the following attributes was used to depict Christ after Christianity was officially recognized by Roman authorities?

Imperial purple

Which of the following uses a basilica style plan?

Old St. Peter's

Justinian's position in the apse of the San Vitale shows him to be slightly behind the bishop, yet the placement of their feet and upper bodies indicate

balance between Church and State

Which new architectural elements begin to be incorporated into Christian Churches in the Early Byzantine period?

a circular dome with a square base to transfer weight to the four corners

Why is there fragmentary knowledge of Byzantine art prior to the 9th century?

The Iconoclasm

Where would a squinch most likely to be found?

supporting a dome

Which of the following statements best supports the use of icons in the Early Byzantine period.

typically portable paintings meant for public and private devotion

The 7th and 8th centuries were a period of turmoil for Byzantium and saw events which persuaded the Emperor that God was punishing the Empire for its idolatrous worship of icons. Based on this the Emperor initiated which of the following?

He formally prohibited the use of images.

In the Byzantine period the use of icons flourished, these icons were

often used for spiritual/religious devotion and not intended to be worshiped

The coming of a new religion to Jerusalem is marked by a monument known as the _______, the site where Muhammad is believed to have ascended to heaven and may have once been the site of the Ark of the Covenant.

Dome of the Rock

The art of calligraphy was used to reproduced the words of the Koran as decorative text. Which of the following would never appear in ornamental writing of the Koran?

stylized animal forms

The Malwiya minaret in Samarra is very tall, and may have been used to call the faithful to prayer, as it is clearly visible for a considerable distance. Which of the following is the BEST explanation for its existence?

It's purpose was to announce the presence of Islam.

The Great Mosque at Cordoba has a hypostyle prayer hall including which of the following?

horseshoe shaped arches enhancing the interior space.

Arabesque motif is typically defined by which of the following?

geometric patterns or designs