Chapter 11: Catabolism: Energy Release and Conservation

litotrophs

use reduced inorganic substances as their electron source

organotrophs

extract electrons from organic compounds

1st phase of EMP

Glucose phosphorylated into glucoe 6-phosphate

What is used for 1st phase of EMP?

ATP and hexokinase

2nd phase of EMP

G6P isomerized into Fructose 6-phosphate

Enzyme for EGP step 2

phosphohexose isomerase

step 3 of EMP

F6P phosphorylyzed into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and ATP turns into ADP

enzyme for step 3 EMP

phosphofructokinase

4th step of EMP

fructose ring cleaved into dihydroxy-acetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

enzyme for EMP step 4

aldolase

Step 5 EMP

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate isomerized into another glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

enzyme for step 5 EMP

triose phosphate isomerase

Step 6 EMP

Aldehyde at end of molecule is oxidized and phosphorylated producing 1,3-bisphospho-glycerate and NADH

Enzyme for step 6 EMP

G3P dehydrogenase

step 7 EMP

Phosphate group transferred onto ADP, forms 3-phosphoglycerate and ATP

enzyme for step 7 EMP

phosphoglycerate kinase

Step 8 EMP

Phosphate group isomerized into 2-phosphoglycerate

enzyme used for step 8 EMP

phosphoglycerate mutase

step 9 EMP

2-phosphoglycerate dehydrated forming phosphoenolpyruvate

enzyme for step 9 EMP

enolase

Step 10 EMP

phosphate transferred to ADP —> pyruvate and ATP

enzyme for step 10 EMP

pyruvate kinase

step 1 EDP

glucose —> G6P

step 1 EDP uses

hexokinase and aTP

step 2 EDP

6 molecules of G6P oxidized to 6-phosphogluconalactone and NADP+ reduced to NADPH + H+

Enzyme used in EDP step 2

G6P dehydrogenase `

step 3 EDP

6-[hosphogluconate dehydrated —> 2 keto-3-doxy-6-phosphogluconate

Enzyme used in step 3 EDP

6-phoshogluconate dehydratase

step 4 EDP

2 KDPG cleaved to pyruvate and G3P

enzymes used in step 4 EDP

2-KDPG aldolase

step 5 EDP

G3P oxidized by NAD and phosphorylated by adding a free phoshpahte group giving 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

enzyme used in step 5 EDP

G3P dehydrogenase

step 6 EDP

1,3-bisphoglycerate convereted to 3-phoshpglycerate and ADP forms ATP

Step 6 EDP uses

phosphoglycerate kinase

Step 7 EDP

3PGA forms 2PGA

Enzyme in step 7 EDP

Phosphoglycero mutase

Step 8 EDP

2 phosphoglucerate converted to phosphoenolpyruvate

Enzyme used step 8 EDP

enolase

Step 9 EDP

phosphoenolpyruvate —> pyruvate and ADP —> ATP

Step 9 EDP uses

pyruvate kinase

PPP Step 1

G6P oxidized to 6-phosphogluconolactone

PPP Step 1 produces and uses

NADPH and G6PD

PPP step 2

6-phosphogluconolactone hydrolyzed to 6-phosphoglconate

step 2PPP uses

water and lactonase

Step 3 PPP

6-phosphogluconate converted to ribulose 5-phosphate

Step 3 PPP uses

6-phosphogfluconate dehydrogenase

Step 3 PPP produces

CO2 and NADPH

Step 4 PPP

converts ribulose-5-phosphate into xylulose-5-phosphate and ribose-5-phosphate t

Enzyem converting ribulose -5-phosphate into xylulose-5-phosphate

phosphopentose epimerase

enzyme converting ribulose-5-phosphate into ribose-5-phosphate `

phosphopentose isomerase

Step 5 PPP pt 1

Xylulose-5-phosphate and ribose-5-phosphate form glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and sedoheptulose-7-phosphate

Enzyme for Step 5.1 PPP

transketolase

Step5.2 PPP

G3P and S7P form F6P and erythrose-4-phosphate

enzyme used for 5.2 PPP

transaldolase

Step 5.3 PPP

xylulose-5-phosphate and erythrose-4-phosphate form G3P and F6P

Enzyme for Step 5.4 PPP

transketolase

Step 1 TCA

Acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate = citrate

STEp 2 TCA

citrate —> isocitrate

Step 3 TCA

isocitrate oxidized to alpha-ketoglutarate

Step 3 TCA releases

CO2 and NADH

Enzyme used in Step 3 TCA

isocitrate dehydrogenase

step 4 TCA

Alpha-ketoglutarate oxidized to form a 4-carbon molecule

Step 4 TCA forms

Succinyl CoA , NADH and CO2

Step 5 TCA

succinyl CoA —> succinate

Step 5 TCA produces

one GTP

step 6 TCA

succinate —> fumarate

step 6 TCA produces

1 FADH2

Step 7 TCA

fumarate —> malate

Step 8 TCA

malate —> oxaloacetate

Step 8 TCA produces

NADH