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Diaphysis

The shaft or central part of a long bone.

Epiphysis

The end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft.

Skeletal System

The organ system that provides structural support, protection for internal organs, and enables movement through the interaction of bones and muscles.

Ossification

The process of bone formation.

Osteoporosis

A condition characterized by weakened bones, increasing the risk of fractures.

Osteopenia

A condition where bone mineral density is lower than normal, often a precursor to osteoporosis.

Articular cartilage

Smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints.

Medullary cavity

The central cavity of bone shafts where bone marrow is stored.

Endosteum

A thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity of a bone.

Osteogenic cells

Stem cells in the bone that can differentiate into different types of bone cells.

Compact Bone

Dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum.

Spongy Bone

Lightweight bone that contains many air spaces and is found at the ends of long bones and in the interior of others.

Epiphyseal plate

The area of growing tissue near the ends of the long bones in children and adolescents.

Calcitonin

A hormone that helps regulate calcium levels in the body, lowering blood calcium when levels are high.

PTH (Parathyroid hormone)

A hormone that increases blood calcium levels by promoting bone resorption.

Calcitriol

The active form of vitamin D, important for calcium absorption in the intestine.

Cell Types in Bone

The various cells in bone tissue, including osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.

Limb buds

Early developmental structures from which limbs (arms and legs) develop.

Notochord

A flexible rod-like structure that serves as a primary skeletal support in the embryo.

Centers of ossification

Sites within the skeleton where bone formation occurs, crucial during fetal development and growth.