Chapter 14

Direct Instruction

Parents tell children what to do and why, providing explanations.

Imitation

Children mimic actions they see being rewarded.

Counterimitation

Learning what should not be done through observation of punishments.

Negative Reinforcement Trap

A situation where parents fail to enforce rules and give in to negative behavior.

Authoritarian Parenting

A style characterized by high control and little warmth, leading to unhappy, aggressive children.

Authoritative Parenting

A parenting style with high control and high warmth, resulting in responsible and self-reliant children.

Permissive Parenting

Low control and high warmth parenting style that leads to impulsive children with little self-control.

Uninvolved Parenting

A style with low control and low warmth, resulting in poor school performance and aggression in children.

Peer Interactions

Social activities among children which develop in a sequence from non-social to cooperative play.

Parallel Play

Children play alone but are interested in what others are doing.

Associative Play

Children engage in the same activities and begin sharing and interacting with each other.

Cooperative Play

Children play together around a theme and assign roles.

Make Believe Play

Advances as language and memory develop, revealing conflicts within children.

Friendships (Ages 4-5)

Children like each other and engage in play together.

Friendships (Ages 9-11)

Friendships are built on trust.

Friendships (Teens)

Friendships develop intimacy and loyalty.

Propinquity

The tendency for people to become friends with those who are physically close.

Dominance Hierarchy

Social structure within peer groups determined by leaders based on physical or social characteristics.

Peer Pressure

Influence from peers that can be positive (community involvement) or negative (stealing).