Chapter 14


Chapter 14 

Social Influences 


Part 1 - Parents 


Parental Behaviour:

Direct Instruction 

  • Tell children what to do when and why 

  • Provide explanations 

Observing 

  • Children learn from watching others 

  • Imitation - mimic actions they see will reward them 

  • Counterimitation - learning what should not be done

(not skip school, when older sib punished) 


Feedback:

  • Reinforcement and punishment 

  • Negative reinforcement trap - parents fail to enforce rule, they give in to childs negative behaviour 

(giving child dessert before dinner cuz whining) 

Punishment 

  • Given promptly and consistently 

  • Given by adult with good relationship w/ child 

  • With explanation and suggestions for bettering  


Styles of Parenting 4 styles 


Authoritarian - high control, little warmth 

  • No explanation 

Child = unhappy, low SE, aggressive 


Authoritative - high control high warmth 

  • With explanation 

Child = responsible, self reliant, friendly 


Permissive - low control, high warmth 

  • Accept childs behaviour, little punishment 

Child = impulsive, little self control 


Uninvolved - low control, low warmth 

  • Just for needs but no emotional involvment 

Child = poor school performance aggressive 


High Socioeconomic status (SES) more authoritative 

Low SES = more authoritarian (less education and increase stress) 


Culture - east asian = parent as teacher 



Part 2 

Peers 


Development of Peer Interactions 


Developmental sequence 4 types 


Non social - play alone, watch others play 

Parallel- play alone, interested in others are doing 

Associative - same activities, smile and offer toys (15-28 months 


Cooperative - play around a theme, have roles (3.5 years) 


Make Believe - advances as language and memory 

  • “Window” into conflicts of child 


Parents role in preschoolers play 

  • Playmate - scaffold and come up with sophisticated okay 

  • Social director - help facilitate interactions with peers 

  • Coach - gain skills 

  • Mediator - help resolve conflicts 


Elementary school 

  • Peer cirlces grow 

  • Interactions are structured by adults - classroom 

  • (unstructured play) during recess 


Friendsships 

  • Age 4-5: like each other and play 

  • Age 9-11: trust 

  • Teens - intimacy and loyalty 


Propinquity - people close in distance more likely friends 

age , sex, attitudes - interethnic friends with opportunity GTA 


Groups 

  • Dominance hierarchy 

- leaders (boys = physical, girls etc- high SE) 

Peer pressure 

-negative (stealing) and positive (involve in community)