Biology 232 Test 1 at Coastal Carolina

Anatomy

the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

Physiology

describes the operation or function of structures or systems

Gross Anatomy

Describes structures visible to the naked eye.

3 types of Gross Anatomy...

-Regional Anatomy

-Systemic Anatomy

-Surface Anatomy

Regional Anatomy

one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg)

Systemic Anatomy

Gross anatomy studied by organ system

Surface Anatomy

study of internal structures ad they relate to the skin surface

Microscopic Anatomy

Describes structures not visible to the naked eye

2 Types...

-Cytology

-Histology

Cytology

study of the cell

Histology

study of tissues

Developmental Anatomy

Describes changes that occur in the body throughout life.

Types...

- Embryology

Embryology

The study of developmental changes of the body before birth.

Physiology most often considers...

the operation of specific organs and/or organ systems

EX: Renal Physiology- Kidney function

OR

Cardiovascular Physiology- function of the heart and blood vessels

Physiology often also focuses on _______ or ______ functions.

Cellular, Molecular

Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function

-Form follows function

-What a structure does explains its form

-What a structure can do depends on its form

-Thus, anatomy and physiology are inseparable

Levels of Structural Organization

-Chemical

-Cellular

- Tissue

-Organ

-Organ System

-Organismal

Chemical

Atoms combine to form molecules

Cellular

cells are made of molecules

Tissues

consists of similar types of cells

Organ

made up of two or more different types of tissues

Organ System

consists of different organs that work together

Organismal

made up of the organ systems

Necessary Life Functions

(8)

-Maintaining boundaries

-Movement

-Responsiveness (irritability)

-Digestion

-Metabolism

-Excretion

-Reproduction

-Growth

Maintaining boundaries

the internal environment remains distinct from external

Movement

locomotion, propulsion and contractility (muscle tension)

Responsiveness (Irritability)

ability to sense changes and respond to them

Digestion

breakdown of ingested foodstuff into absorbable form

Metabolism

all chemical reactions that occur in the body (anabolism and catabolism)

Excretion

removal of wastes from the body

Reproduction

production of new cells or organisms

Growth

Increase in size

Survival Needs (5)

Required for the life functions

-Nutrients

-Oxygen

-Water

-Normal Body Temp.

-Atmospheric pressure

Nutrients

Chemical substances used in metabolism

Oxygen

needed for metabolic reaction

Water

necessary environment for chemical reactions

Normal Body temp.

necessary for proper rates of chemical reactions

Atmospheric pressure

required for breathing and gas exchange in the lungs

Homeostasis

-the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment

-The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium.

-Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

- A change occurs in the variable (stimulus)

- A receptor monitors the environment and responds to changes (stimuli)

- A control center analyzes the input and determines the necessary response

- An effector provides the response to the stimulus

Negative Feedback (from effector)

- Fix the imbalance

The output shuts off the original stimulus

EX: regulation of body (room) temperature

Regulation of blood glucose levels

Positive Feedback

the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus

EX: regulation of blood clotting

Homeostatic imbalance

Disturbance of the body's normal equilibrium

What are most diseases a result of?

Homeostatic imbalance

Organ systems of the body (11)

-Integumentary

-Skeletal

-Muscular

-Nervous

-Cardiovascular

-Lymphatic

-Respiratory

-Digestive

-Urinary

-Reproductive

-Endocrine

Integumentary System

Composed of the skin, glands, hair, and nails

Skeletal System

Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments

Muscular System

Composed of muscles and tendons

Nervous System

Composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Cardiovascular System

Composed of the heart and blood vessels

Lymphatic System

Composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs

Respiratory System

Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Digestive System

Composed of the oral cavity, gut, and associated organs

Urinary System

Composed of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

Reproductive System

Composed of gonads (ovaries or testes) and associated structures

Endocrine System

Composed of glands that secrete hormones that regulate body functions

Organ System Interrelations

Examples....

The ________ system protects the body from the external environment?

Integumentary

________ and ________ systems take in nutrients and oxygen.

Digestive, Respiratory

Nutrients and oxygen are distributed by the ___________ system.

Cardiovascular

Metabolic wastes are eliminated by the _________ and ___________ systems.

Urinary, respiratory

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

States of matter?

Solid- definite shape and volume

Liquid- Difinite volume, Changeable shape

Gas- Changeable shape and volume

Plasma- an ionized gas state

Energy

The capacity to of work (put matter into motion)

Kinetic Energy

Energy in action

Potential Energy

Energy of position, stored (inactive) energy

Forms of energy (4)

- Chemical

- Electrical

- Mechanical

- Radiant or electromagnetic

Chemical Energy

Stored in the bonds of chemical compounds

Electrical Energy

Results from the movement of charged particles (electrons or ions)

Mechanical Energy

Directly involved in moving matter

Radiant or Electromagnetic Energy

Energy traveling in waves (visible light, radio waves, x- rays)

What are elements?

Unique substances that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means

Atoms

more or less identical building blocks for each element

Atomic symbol

one or two letter chemical shorthand for each element

What are the four major elements of the human body? How much do they make up of it?

Carbon (C)

Oxygen (O)

Hydrogen (H)

Nitrogen (N)

96.1% of the body

Lesser elements of the body that make up about 3.9%

Calcium

Phosphorus

Potassium

Sulfer

Sodium

Chlorine

Magnesium

Iodine

Iron

Trace elements of the human body

Make up about 0.01%

These are required in small amount, some are necessary for enzyme function

How to find # of protons, neutrons, electrons, etc.

Protons= Atomic Number= Electrons

Neutrons= Mass # - protons

Mass # = Neutrons + Protons

The nucleus consists of ______ and _______

Protons, Neutrons

Protons (p+)

have a positive charge and a mass of 1 atomic mass unit (amu)

Neutrons (n0)

have no charge and a mass of 1 amu

______ are found orbiting the nucleus.

electrons

Electrons (e-)

have a negative charge and 1/2000 of the mass of a proton (0 amu)

Number of electrons (-) equals protons (+) which means atoms of elements have a neutral charge

Planetary Model

Electrons move around the nucleus in fixed circular orbits

Orbital Model

Electrons are present in a shell or cloud where they are most likely to be found

Atomic Number

Equal to the number of protons

Formulas

P + N = mass number

Mass number - P = N

Mass number - N = P

Mass number

equal to the mass of the protons and neutrons in an atom

Isotopes

atoms with same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

Radioisotopes

atoms that undergo spontaneous decay called radioactivity

Atomic weight

average of the mass numbers of all isotopes of an element as they occur in nature

Molecule

two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

Compound

two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together

Mixtures

two or more components physically intermixed (not chemical bonded like compounds)

Types of Mixtures

- Solutions

- Colloids

- Suspensions

Solutions

Homogenous mixtures of components

Solute particles are very tiny, do not settle out

EX- mineral water (clear) , salt water

Colloids (emulsions)

Heterogenous

Solute particles are larger than in a solution and scatter light, do not settle out

EX- Jello

Suspensions

Heterogenous

Solute particles are very large, settle out, may scatter light, visible solutes

Ex- blood, Italian dressing

Solvent

substance present in greatest amount (water)

Solute

Substance present in smaller amounts

Molarity

moles of solute per liter of solution

Percent

parts solute per 100 parts total