LEC Primer - Community Engagement & Service-Learning by MRCBernardo-Lazaro 08.2026.pdf

Learning Experiences in the Communities

What does the acronym LEC stand for in the ASMPH curriculum?

Transition Summer

During which period do ASMPH students usually have their first community exposure before entering the school?

Third and Fourth year

During which years of medical school are students partnered with organizations through LEC?

Family and Community Health 4

What does FCH4 stand for in the 4th year curriculum?

Family and Community Health Management

What does FCHM stand for in the 5th year curriculum?

Community Enhanced Internship Program

What does CEIP stand for in the 5th year curriculum?

Ma Rosario Cherry Bernardo-Lazaro

Who is the author of the LEC Primer?

Knowledge, skills, and values

What three areas of preparation are needed before sending students to communities?

RA 11223

What is the Republic Act number of the Universal Health Care Law?

Shifting focus from specialized tertiary care to primary care

What is a primary goal of the UHC Law regarding the level of care?

Health for All

What is the central goal of the 1978 Alma Ata Declaration?

Whole of society approach to organize health systems to bring services closer to communities

How does the source define Primary Health Care?

Empowered people and communities

What is the first component of Primary Health Care according to the source?

Multisectoral policy and action

What is the second component of Primary Health Care aimed at addressing determinants of health?

Primary care and essential public health functions

What is the third component of PHC that forms the core of integrated health services?

A group linked by social ties, shared perspectives, and joint action in geographic settings

How did MacQueen et al define community in their qualitative study?

Geographic and Functional

What are the two general categories of communities?

Geographic community

What type of community is defined by people living in a specific area like a village or city?

Functional community

What type of community is defined by people sharing common values, functions, or interests like farmers or fisherfolks?

Process by which individuals, communities, and organizations gain mastery over their lives

How does Rappaport define empowerment?

Social action process promoting participation towards goals of increased control and social justice

How is empowerment defined in the context of communities?

Something the community undertakes for themselves

Is empowerment something done for the community or something they do for themselves?

Community development

What process must communities go through to become empowered?

Process to create economic and social progress with active participation and reliance on community initiative

How did the UN in 1955 define community development?

The community or the people themselves

Who is the main driver of community development according to the source?

Self-reliance

What is the major goal of community development?

Jack Rothman

Who established the three overlapping models of community development: locality development, social planning, and social action?

Community education, community resource management, and community organizing

What are the three interrelated fields or core processes of community development according to Luna et al?

Community Education

Which field involves enhancing people's skills to act and respond to their situation and forming values like collective concern?

Conscientization

What term refers to learning to perceive social, political, and economic contradictions and taking action against oppressive elements?

Paulo Freire

Who is the theorist associated with the concept of conscientization?

Experience and participation

In community education, how do people primarily learn according to the source?

Community Resource Management

Which field involves the strategic planning and preservation of assets like natural resources and human skills within a community?

Community Organizing

Which field is defined as a process by which a community identifies needs and acts on them to develop cooperative practices?

A process of facilitation

How is community organizing defined in the context of the role of external stakeholders?

Capability building, self-reliance, and empowerment

What three things is the people centered process of community organizing geared towards according to Manalili?

Pre-Entry to the Community

What is the first step of the community organizing process involving site selection and criteria?

Entry in the Community

Which step involves establishing rapport and developing a relationship of mutual respect and trust?

Equal

How should facilitators act among community people during the entry phase?

Integration in the Community

Which step involves joining small groups and participating in social and economic activities to learn their way of life?

Community immersion

What is the term for living with the people, eating their food, and doing their chores?

Home visits

Besides immersion, what is another way to integrate with the people?

Community Study and Analysis

Which step involves gathering and analyzing data about political, economic, and cultural issues?

Answer research questionnaires or surveys

Participation in community study should not be limited to what activity?

National level

Facilitators should help people realize their problems are manifestations of heavier problems at what level?

Identifying Potential Community Leaders

Which step involves observing who has a deep understanding and concern for the community?

From their own people

Where must community leaders come from according to the source?

Core Group Formation

Which step involves forming a group where each member ideally represents a sector of the community?

Setting up the Community Organization

Which step involves formalizing positions and roles through an organizational structure?

Working committees

What simple functional units are often used to start a community organization?

Existing groups and organizations

What should community organizers assess and potentially start from before forming new groups?

Community Action and Mobilization

Which step involves the community planning and acting together to address its needs?

Dialogue among members

What activity can begin the mobilization process to facilitate participatory decision making?

Monitoring

What is the term for periodic assessment to measure progress?

Evaluation

What is the term for assessing the degree to which community plans have been achieved?

Reflection

What tool is used for people to identify and analyze lessons learned from collective actions?

The group itself

Who should initiate the planning, action, and mobilization at the community action stage?

Managing, Strengthening and Sustaining Community Organization

What is the final stage where the community takes full responsibility for managing resources?

Moving out

What action can facilitators take during the final stage of community organizing?

Respect local values and culture

According to Manalili, community organizing must do what regarding local traditions?

Marginalized groups

Community organizing aims to empower which specific groups to address systemic issues?

Minda Quesada

Who was the nurse and educator who formulated the principles of community organizing in the context of health?

A right of every Filipino citizen

What was formally enshrined in the 1987 Constitution due to Dr Quesada's advocacy?

Magna Carta of Public Health Workers

What is the common name for Republic Act 7305?

Felt needs, participation, leadership, structure, communication, and evaluation

What are the six principles of community organizing formulated by Dr Quesada?

Principle of Felt Needs

Which principle states that organizing must begin with issues prioritized by the community themselves?

Things people feel strongly about and are widely shared

What defines an issue as a felt need?

Critical consciousness

What is another term for conscientization according to the source?

Problem posing dialogue

Through what method are people assisted to explore root causes of problems in conscientization?

Experiential learning

How is awareness primarily developed according to the source?

Principle of Participation

Which principle is often referred to as starting where the people are?

Active drivers and decision makers

How should community members be viewed rather than as passive recipients?

Poor and vulnerable

True community participation is primarily biased in favor of which groups?

Manipulation and Therapy

What are the two levels at the bottom of Arnstein's ladder representing nonparticipation?

Informing, Consultation, and Placation

What three levels on the ladder represent tokenism?

Partnership, Delegated Power, and Citizen Control

What are the three highest levels on the ladder representing citizen power?

Principle of Leadership

Which principle emphasizes that leaders must be accepted, respected, and democratic?

Group centered

In community organizing, is leadership leader oriented or group centered?

Principle of Structure

Which principle involves establishing a foundation to sustain long term development beyond the organizer's presence?

Principle of Communication

Which principle emphasizes open, transparent, and continuous channels to build trust?

Principle of Evaluation

Which principle involves assessing gains or losses and summing up lessons learned?

Action Reflection Action

What does the acronym ARA stand for in the context of community organizing?

Community organizing involves consciousness raising

What is the first locally adopted principle from the works of Apuan?

Community organizing is participatory and mass based

What is the second locally adopted principle from Apuan?

Community organizing is based on democratic leadership

What is the third locally adopted principle from Apuan?

Community organization must work towards people's empowerment for liberation

What is the fourth locally adopted principle from Apuan?

Directly involve local populations in decision making to strengthen capacities and ownership

How does the UN define community engagement?

Establishing mutual trust

On what foundation is community engagement built?

Greater sense of ownership and responsibility

What is the primary benefit of participation for the community?

Category of Inform

In the Spectrum of Engagement, which category involves broadcasting information through newsletters or fact sheets?

Category of Consult

Which category involves seeking input or feedback through surveys and public meetings?

Category of Involve

Which category involves inviting two way communication through workshops and data collection?

Category of Collaborate

Which category involves partnering meaningfully through planning teams and advisory councils?

Category of Empower

Which category involves sharing leadership through delegated decisions and community based governance?

Community capacity

What is another term for community competence mentioned in the source?

Sustainability and resilience

By ensuring community members take the lead, what two things does the community achieve?

Self reliance

What does the self directed capacity to solve health issues represent?

Education, Research, and Service

What are the three traditional functions of universities reframed for health for all?

Social instrument

The university is used as what kind of instrument to achieve health objectives?

Socioeconomic development

In the future pattern of universities, what becomes the major objective?