Renaissance, Reformation, Economic Growth and Monarchies

Flashcards about the Renaissance, Reformation, Economic Growth and Monarchies

What cultural movement, beginning in the 14th century, greatly influenced science, technology, religion, and art?

Humanism

What is Anthropocentrism?

The belief that Human intelligence was seen as the key to understanding the world, although religion was not rejected.

What values were emphasized during Humanism?

The value and achievements of individuals, inspired by figures from Antiquity.

What was the foundation of the scientific method during the Renaissance?

Reason and experience, focusing on observation and analysis

How were Humanist ideas spread?

Through travel, letter writing, academies, universities, and the invention of the printing press

What are the two main stages of the Renaissance in Italy?

Quattrocento (15th century) and Cinquecento (16th century)

What inspired Renaissance artists?

The classical world (Ancient Greece and Rome)

What did Renaissance artists make the main focus of their art?

Humans, not just religious themes

What did patrons pay for during the Renaissance?

Art, to show their power and the greatness of their cities

What did science use in the Modern Age?

Reason and observation

What were some of the major areas of scientific progress during the Renaissance?

Astronomy, Mathematics, Medicine, Physics, and Cartography (map-making)

What issues led to reformist movements in the Catholic Church?

Corruption, untrained clergy, the sale of indulgences, and the influence of superstition

Who started Lutheranism and where?

Martin Luther in Germany

What were Martin Luther's main ideas?

Salvation comes through faith, not actions; Christians can pray directly to God; the pope's authority is rejected; only Baptism and the Eucharist are valid sacraments; clerical celibacy is not necessary

Who founded Calvinism and where?

John Calvin in Geneva, Switzerland

What is predestination?

People are chosen by God to be saved or damned.

What were Calvinists called in France, England, and Scotland?

Huguenots in France, Puritans in England and Scotland

How did King Henry VIII of England create the Church of England?

After the pope denied his request for a divorce

What did the Act of Supremacy declare?

King Henry VIII was the head of the Church of England

What was the Counter-Reformation?

An internal movement within the Catholic Church to reform and strengthen itself while resisting Protestantism

What was the Council of Trent?

A central council in the Counter-Reformation that confirmed core Catholic beliefs and established seminaries to better train priests

Who led the Carmelite Reform in Spain?

Teresa de Jesús

Who founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)?

Ignacio de Loyola

How did the Jesuits spread Catholicism?

Through missions in America and Asia, and by opening learning centers

What mainly was grown in Europe during the Modern Age?

Cereals, along with grapevines, vegetables, and dye plants

How did agricultural productivity improve?

With the use of crop rotation, which replaced the fallow-land system

Where did the domestic system expand, especially?

In textiles

Which major industries received investments and technical innovations?

Shipbuilding, weapon making, and mining

What European port cities grew economically in the 16th century?

London, Lisbon, Sevilla, Antwerp, and Valencia

What declined, while what increased due to geographical discoveries?

Mediterranean trade declined, while new long-distance trade, especially with America, increased

What significantly boosted the economy?

Precious metals from America

What did merchants form to share profits and risks?

Trading companies

What banking families provided credit to merchants?

The Medici, Fuggers, and Welsers

What did the introduction of cheques and bills of exchange do?

Making trade easier without using cash

Where was the first public bank, the Taula de Canvi, established?

Barcelona in 1401

Name some of the main efforts during the Catholic Church's Counter Reformation

The Council of Trent (1545–1563) confirmed core beliefs such as the seven sacraments, papal authority, and the role of saints. It also promoted the creation of seminaries, catechisms, and schools.

What was a significant societal change that occurred in the Modern Age?

The rise of the bourgeoisie

What was the role of women in the 15th and 16th centuries?

They were under the authority of their father, husband, or brother, and men dictated their rights and duties

Name some of the roles that women took on outside the home

Farm laborers, wet nurses, dressmakers, ladies-in-waiting, washerwomen, cooks, and servants

Name some women who stood out in literature and the arts during the Renaissance.

Teresa de Jesús, Beatriz Galindo, Sofonisba Anguissola, Lavinia Fontana, Properzia de Rossi, and Levina Teerlinc

What marked the beginning of the modern state?

European monarchs began to reduce the power of the nobility and strengthen their own authority, forming powerful authoritarian monarchies.

Name some of the changes that monarchs made in order to consolidate their power

Created a centralised administration, formed permanent royal armies, increased taxes, limited the powers of representative assemblies and established a diplomatic service

Name the five most prominent authoritarian monarchies by the early 16th century.

France, England, Spain, Portugal, and Russia

When did Isabel of Castilla and Fernando of Aragón marry, and what did this union form?

1469; basis of modern Spain

What were Isabel of Castilla and Fernando of Aragón known as?

The Reyes Católicos

In what ways did the Reyes Católicos build a Catholic society?

They created the Inquisition, expelled Jews if they didn’t convert to Christianity, and expelled Muslims if they didn’t convert.