Feeds and Feeding Exam 2

Primary sources of MN

forages, inorganic = oxide and sulfate, organic = AA complex, proteinate, polysaccharide, injectable multielement

primary sources of SE

plant and animal proteins, inorganic = selenate and selenite, organic = high Se yeast

primary sources of Zn

feeds variable, inorganic = oxide and sulfate, organic = AA complex, methionine, proteinate, polysaccharide, injectable multielement

continuous season long grazing

allows animals to select best available diet. maximizes individual animal performance

what are 5 fed antibiotics

Aureomycin, terramycin, tylan, v-max, flavomycin

what agency is responsible for monitoring drug residues at packing plants

APHIS animal plant health inspection services

why is cobalt only required for ruminants

for rumen microbes to synthesize vitamin B 12

intensive early seasonal grazing

double stocking half the season, maintain early season gains, avoid summer slump, increase summer prices, better grazing distribution

what is an international unit

standard measure of potency

mob grazing

ultra-high stocking density, trample litter, even manure distribution

what are the fed anthelmintics

safe-guard, tramisol, banminth

significant functions and deficiency signs for vitamin a

visionsi

significant functions and deficiency signs for vitamin d

seriod hormone, immune and muscle function

-rickets, milk fever, soft eggs

significant functions and deficiency signs for vitamin e

antioxidant

-white muscle disease mulberry heart disease in pigsv

significant functions and deficiency signs for vitamin k

blood clotting

-poor blood clotting

significant functions and deficiency signs for biotin

gluconeogensis

-skin and hair conditions

significant functions and deficiency signs for folic acid

red blood cell production

-poor growth, spinal bifidav

significant functions and deficiency signs for niacin

cardiovascular, co-enzyme

-dermatitis, poor growth

significant functions and deficiency signs for panthothenic acid

metabolism

-goose stepping

significant functions and deficiency signs for pyridioxine

neurotransmitters, gene expression

-lower performance, dermatolgic and neurologic conditions

which 3minerals are primary antagonists of copper absorption

fe, mo, s

4 primary fat-soluble vitamins and how are they related to fat

a, d, e, k - absorbed with fat, stored in fat depots

common supplemental mineral sources

inorganic - carbonate, chloride, oxide, sulfate

organic

vitamin stability can be reduced by what factors

humidity, time, minerals, UV light, teemp

2 primary catgeories of feed additives

prevention oof animal diseases, improvement of animal growth and/or feed efficiency

which grazing system results in greatest individual animal performance

continuous season long grazingm

mob grazing benefits

trample litter, even manure distribution, ultra high stocking density

what are the 8 trace minerals

Co, cu, Fe, I, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn

what are the two primary resources for plant recovery? which is the most important and why

water - most important for photosynthesis

carbohydrates

what are some examples of pests that can affect grazing distribution

trees, weather, prairie dogs, weeds

what are the macro minerals

Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K, S

primary deficiency and toxicity signs for Se

white muscle disease

-acute = abnormal movement, vomit, tremors, death

sub-acute = blind staggers, teeth grating, paralysis, lameness, hoof pain, death

chronic = alkali disease, sloughing of hooves and tail, lamenessprimary deficiency and toxicity signs for

primary deficiency and toxicity signs for Zn

decreased testicular growth, paraketosis

what are the fed coccidiostats

amprol, deccox, bovatec, rumensin

commonly used ionophores and what do they do

rumensin, bovatec, cattylst

prevent bloat and coccidiosis

increasse ADG and feed efficiency, modify fermentation, decrease breakdown or protein in rumen

what additive is toxic to horses

ionophores

which ionophores prevents coccidiosis

bovatec

significant function and deficiency signs for riboflavin

co-enzyme, metabolis

-moon blindness in horses, leg deformities in chicks

significant function and deficiency signs for thiamin

enzyme co-factttor, brain and nervous tissue

-PEM or sPEM

significant function and deficiency signs for vitamin B12

co-enzyme functions, DNA methylation

-decreased performance, neurological, perosis, embryonic death

basic functions of minerals

skeletal formation, protein synthesis, oxygen transport, fluid balance, regulate pH balance, activators/components of enzyme systemw

Which B-agonist is commerically available

ractopamine

primary sources of vitamin A

fresh feeds, b-carotene

primary sources of vitamin d

sunlight

primary sources of vitamin E

gree forages, alpha-tocopherol supplement

primary sources of vitamin K

rumen microbes, folic acid supplement

primary sources of biotin

feeds, biotin supplement

primary sources of folic acid

rumen microbes, folic acid supplement

primary sources of niacin

synthesized from trypttophan, niacin supplement

primary sources of pantothenic acid

rumen microbes, pantothenic acid supplement

primary sources of pyridoxin

rumen microbes, pyridoxine supplement

primary sources of riboflavin

rumen microbes, riboflavin supplement

primary sources of thiamin

rumen microbes, thiamin supplement

primary sources of vitamin B12

rumen microbes if Co is adequate, B12 supplement

what factors affect how minerals are absorbed and what is the effect

age (young > old)

form of element (organic > inorganic)

intestinal tract pH (lower pH > higher pH)

binding or chelating agents

excesses or interactions with other minerals

primary sources of Co

high soil pH = low Co of forages, inoragnic = carbonate and sulfate, oragnic = glucoheptonate

primary sources of Cu

variable, inorganic = chloride, oxide, sulfate, organic = AA complex, proteinate, polysaccharide, injectable multielement

primary sources of Fe

cereal grains, animal products, forages, inorganic = carbonate and sulfate, organic = AA complex, polysaccharide

primary sources of I

depends on soil content, inorganic = Ca iodate, K iodide, Na iodide, EDDI

primary sources of Ca

forages, animal by-products, limesttone, calcium carbonate

primary sources of P

grains and oilseeds, animal by-products, dicalcium and monocalcium phosphate

primary sources of Na

forages and grrains, white salt

primary sources of Mg

plant proteins, forages, magnesium oxide, sulfate, polysaccharide

primary sources of K

forages and oilseeds, potassium chloride

primary sources of S

feeds, water, ammonium, calcium sulfate

high intensity/low frequency grazing

high grazing intensity followed by non-use periods

graze all plants

primary deficiency signs of Ca

bone abnormalities, milk fever

primary deficiency signs of P

decreased performance, weak and fragile bones

primary deficiency signs of Na

decreased performance, pica, salt craving

primary defieincy signs of Mg

grass tetanyp

rimary deficiency signs of K

decreased performance, pica, rough hair coat

primary deficiency signs of S

decreased performance, hair loss

what is defoliation tolerance

being able to survive and tolerate grazing

response depends on growth point location

how is mg solubility affect by pH

pH increases = Mg solubitility decreases

K reduces Mg solubility

signs of sulfur toxicity

head pressing, star gazing

deferred rotation grazing

first specialized system

originally 2-pasture rotation

different starting pasture each year

rest rotation grazing

some pastures receive rest while others receive additonal load

wildlife benefits

benefits may be outweighed by extra use on grazed pastures

list the ways that livestock distribution could be improved

water, fencing, salt/minerals/supplements, herding, burning,s tream crossings, water points

primary deficiency and toxicity signs of Co

decreased appetite and growth, fatty liver

primary deficiency and toxicity signs of Cu

depigmentation

-toxic to sheep, blood and hemoglobin problems, necrosis, juandice, deatha

primary deficiency and toxicity signs of Fe

anemia (milk only diet)

primary deficiency and toxicity signs of I

goiter, hairless young

-coughing, nasal discharge

primary deficiency and toxicity signs of Mn

perosis in chicks, skeletal abnormalities

which compound is estrus suppresant? why use it

MGA

suppress heat/riding in feedlot, estrus synch

examples of biological additives in livestock diets. why use

direct fed microbials - pre/pro biotics - increase beneficial bacteria in GIt, decrease toxic end products of digestion, increase appetite and digestion

Yeast - stimluate fiber digesting bacteria, stablizie rumen, use lactic acid

enzymes -aid in digestion of various dietary consituents

Goals of VFD program

promote judicious antibiotic use

protect public health

limit development of antimicrobial resistance

seasonal suitability grazing

based on fencing range into different vegetation types

best if rangeland offers diverse vegetation types

benefits to continuous season long grazing

lower overhead cost, less management, maximum individual animal performacne

Producer responsibilies regarding VFD

obtain VFD from vet

provide VFd order to feed distributor

maintain VFD copy for at least 2 years

provide VFD orders for inspection and FDA upon request

when would feeding a buffer be beneficial

adapting to high grain diet

diet of primarily fermented feeds

during extreme heat or other times of stress

loose stoolsro

rotational grazing benefits

better gain per acre, increased pasture yields, more animals per acre, increase pasture quality, decrease selective grazing, better manure distribution