Abnormal Psychology

Presents

Presenting problem of the client

Prevalence

How many people in the population have the disorder

Incidence

How many new cases occur during a given period of time

Onset

Beginning of the disorder (acute or insidious onset)

Course

Disorders follow an individual pattern (chronic course, episodic course, time-limited course)

Etiology

What contributes to the development of the disorder

Treatment Development

How to alleviate psychological suffering including pharmacology, psychotherapy, or combined treatments

Prognosis

Anticipated/future course of a disorder

Abnormal Psychology

Branch of psychology that deals with psychopathology and abnormal behavior

Criteria for Defining Abnormality (4D)

Distress, Dysfunction, Danger, Deviance

Biopsychosocial Formulation

Biological, Psychological, Sociocultural Causes

Mental Health

Successful performance of mental function resulting in productive activities, fulfilling relationships, and adaptation to change

Mental Disorder (DSM V-TR)

Syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

Basis for Assessing Maladjustment

Conformity to norms, Inner world, Social Contribution

History of Abnormal Behavior

Prehistoric beliefs, Trephining, Exorcism

Contemporary Theories On The Causes Of Abnormality

Disease, Disorder, Signs, Symptoms

Classification

Systematic delineation of major categories of psychological conditions

Diagnosis

Process of assigning individuals to categories generated by a classification system

Comorbidity

Co-occurring disorders

Differential Diagnosis

Determining which of two or more diseases or disorders a patient has

Premorbid Personality

Personality traits existing before a traumatic event or disorder

Biological Approaches

Structural abnormalities, disordered biochemistry, faulty genes causing psychological symptoms

Neurotransmitter Theories

Serotonin, Dopamine, Norepinephrine

Social Structural Model Of Mental Health

Models of Psychopathology, Models in the Study of Psychopathology

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Conditions with onset in the developmental period

Intellectual Disability

Deficits in adaptive functioning and intellectual functions

Global Developmental Delay

Failure to meet expected developmental milestones

Communication Disorders

Deficits in speech, language, and communication

Language Disorder

Difficulties in language acquisition and use

Speech Sound Disorder

Difficulty with speech sound production

Childhood-onset Fluency Disorder

Criteria for diagnosing fluency disorders

Criterion A (Stuttering)

Disturbance in fluency and time patterning of speech, including repetitions, prolongations, broken words, blocking, circumlocutions, excess tension, and monosyllabic repetitions

Criterion B (Stuttering)

Causes anxiety about speaking or limitations in communication, social participation, and academic/work performance

Criterion C (Stuttering)

Onset in early developmental period, not due to another medical condition or mental disorder

Criterion A (Social Communication Disorder)

Difficulties in social use of communication, changing communication to match context, following conversation rules, and understanding implicit information

Criterion B (Social Communication Disorder)

Results in functional limitations in communication, social relationships, academic/work performance

Criterion C (Social Communication Disorder)

Onset in early developmental period, not due to another medical condition

Criterion A (Autism Spectrum Disorder)

Persistent deficits in social communication, social interaction, and relationships

Criterion B (Autism Spectrum Disorder)

Patterns of behavior include restricted interests and sensory reactions

Criterion C (Autism Spectrum Disorder)

Symptoms present in early developmental period, causing impairment in social, occupational areas

Criterion D (Autism Spectrum Disorder)

Symptoms not better explained by other disorders, with manifestations varying in severity

Criterion A (ADHD)

Hyperactivity-impulsivity interfering with functioning, characterized by specific symptoms

Criterion B (ADHD)

Symptoms present before age 12, in multiple settings, causing impairment

Criterion C (ADHD)

Impairment in functioning due to symptoms

Criterion D (ADHD)

Symptoms not explained by other mental disorders, causing clinically significant impairment

Criterion A (Specific Learning Disorder)

Difficulties in academic skills like reading, writing, math, persisting for at least 6 months

Criterion B (Specific Learning Disorder)

Academic skills substantially below expected level, causing interference with performance

Criterion C (Specific Learning Disorder)

Learning difficulties start during school-age years, not better explained by other conditions

Criterion A (Developmental Coordination Disorder)

Impairment in motor skills affecting daily activities, like handwriting and using tools

Criterion B (Developmental Coordination Disorder)

Movement execution appears awkward, slow, or imprecise, interfering with daily life

Criterion A (Stereotypic Movement Disorder)

Repetitive, purposeless motor behaviors like hand shaking, body rocking, interfering with activities

Criterion B (Stereotypic Movement Disorder)

Repetitive behaviors interfere with social, academic activities, may result in self-injury

Criterion C (Stereotypic Movement Disorder)

Onset in early developmental period, not due to substance effects or other disorders

Criterion A (Tic Disorders)

Tourette's disorder involves multiple motor and vocal tics, persisting for over a year

Criterion B (Tic Disorders)

Tics may fluctuate but persist for more than a year, with onset before age 18

Criterion C (Tic Disorders)

Symptoms not due to substance effects or medical conditions, causing disturbance

Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder

A disorder characterized by single or multiple motor or vocal tics persisting for more than 1 year since onset, with onset before age 18 and not caused by substances or other medical conditions.

Provisional Tic Disorder

A condition with single or multiple motor or vocal tics present for less than 1 year since onset, before age 18, not due to substances or medical conditions, and criteria not met for Tourette’s disorder or persistent tic disorder.

Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

A group of disorders including schizophrenia, characterized by symptoms like delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and negative symptoms.

Risk Factors for Schizophrenia

Factors like genetic predisposition, stress-diathesis model, biochemical, psychological, and social factors contribute to the development or triggering of schizophrenia.

Phases of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia progresses through prodromal, active, and residual phases, each with distinct symptoms and characteristics.

Delusions

Fixed irrational beliefs seen in schizophrenia, including persecutory, referential, grandiose, erotomanic, nihilistic, somatic, jealous, bizarre delusions, and syndromes like Capgras and Cotard’s.

Hallucinations

Sensory experiences without external stimuli, such as auditory, visual, gustatory, olfactory, and tactile hallucinations, common in schizophrenia.

Brief Psychotic Disorder

A disorder with symptoms like delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or behavior lasting more than 1 day but less than 1 month, often triggered by stressors.

Schizophreniform Disorder

Similar to schizophrenia but with symptoms lasting more than 1 month but less than 6 months, with specific prognostic features.

Schizoaffective Disorder

Features of both schizophrenia and mood disorders, with delusions or hallucinations present without a major mood episode for a significant period.

Delusional Disorder

Characterized by delusions without prominent hallucinations, where functioning is not markedly impaired apart from the impact of delusions.

Schizotypal (Personality) Disorder

A personality disorder marked by social deficits, cognitive distortions, eccentric behavior, and perceptual abnormalities, not exclusively during psychotic episodes.