ANTH 1011L/1013 - Quiz 1/Exam 1 Study Guide

Nucleotide

the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA

Gene

a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building and maintaining an organism. It is the basic unit of heredity and determines the traits and characteristics of an individual.

Allele

Variants of a gene

Genotype

the alleles that are present

Phenotype

the manifestation of those alleles

Codominance

a genetic concept where both alleles of a gene are fully expressed in the phenotype of an organism. This means that neither allele is dominant or recessive over the other, resulting in a unique phenotype that shows traits from both alleles.

Recessive

Requires two of the same gamete. Masked in the heterozygous trait

Dominance

Is present in the heterozygous or homozygous state.

Locus

a set of points that satisfy a given condition or set of conditions. It can be thought of as the path traced by a point or object as it moves according to certain rules or constraints.often described as the collection of all points that meet a specific criteria, such as being equidistant from two fixed points or lying on a certain curve.

Homozygous

two copies of  the same allele

Heterozygous

having two different alleles

Monohybrid Cross

a genetic cross between two individuals that differ in only one trait. It helps to study the inheritance pattern of a single gene.

Dihybrid Cross

a genetic cross between two individuals that differ in two traits. It helps determine the inheritance pattern of two different genes simultaneously.

Mitosis

Creates two identical daughter cells

Meiosis

process of creating gametes - “sex cells”

Somatic Cell

all cells except gamets

Gamete

cells that join during fertilization

Sperm

Male reproductive cell

Egg

Female reproductive cell

Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. Occurs during Meiosis 1

Diploid

Mother cell in mitosis and meiosis

Haploid

The 23 pairs of chromosomes

Law of Segregation

Both parents contribute hereditary material equally to their offspring. Traits must be represented by pairs. Each copy separates into a different sex cell

Law of Independent Assortment

Alleles of one gene do not influence what happens with alleles from other genes

Protein

large, complex molecules composed of amino acids

Amino Acids

The composition of proteins. These are constructed of anti-codons

Codon

a sequence of three nucleotides (bases) in DNA or RNA that codes for a specific amino acid or serves as a start or stop signal for protein synthesis.

anti-codon

is a sequence of three nucleotides found on transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. It is complementary to a specific codon on messenger RNA (mRNA) during protein synthesis. helps in determining the amino acid that will be added to the growing polypeptide chain.

Transcription

The genetic information is copied from the nuclear DNA onto messenger RNA (mRNA)

Nucleus

Transcription takes place here

DNA and RNA

the nucleic acids involved in transcriptions are…

Translation

The mRNA serves as a template to construct a protein

Ribosomes

Translation takes place here

mRNA and tRNA

which nucleic acids are involved in translation

RNA

single stranded nucleic acid

DNA

double helix nucleic acid

Adenine, Thymine, cytosine, and guanine

the 4 bases of dna

A-T, C-G

DNA base pairings rule

DNA

Contains the bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine

RNA

Contains the bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil

DNA

Found in the nucleus

RNA

found in the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Cultural Anthropology

Study of Human Societies

Linguistic Anthropology

Study of language, it’s origin and use

Archaeology

Study of material culture of past people

Biological Anthropology

Study of human biology with an evolutionary framework

Paleoanthropology

the study of human evolution and prehistoric human ancestors

Theory

a well-established and interrelated set of facts and hypotheses that is used to explain diverse events and phenomena.

Teleology

The Apparent “Design” of organisms

Natural Theology

There is a creator that made the order of the world.

Essentialism

A belief that things have a set of unchanging characteristics that make them what they are; variation among this is just unimportant deviation from the “essence.”

Linnaean Heirarchy

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

The Great Chain of Being(Scala Naturae)

a fixed and ordered universe, with each being occupying a specific place based on its nature and capabilities.

Copernicus and Galileo

Famous names that supported a heliocentric model

Catastrophism

Different floods wiped out creation, followed by newer, better creations

Essentialist view of variation

There are stringent limitations and they are separated by well-defined discontinuities

Young Earth Perspective

Earth created in 4004 BC. Biblical teaching

Old Earth Perspective

Earth is millions of years old

Charles Lyell

Founder of Modern Geology and Uniformitarianism

Uniformitarianism

Geological processes at work today (e.g., erosion, volcanism, uplift), that were also at work in the past.

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

Believed acquired characteristics are passed on to offspring. Ex: A giraffe’s neck was too short to reach food, so a characteristic of a longer neck was passed on to the offspring to where we are at now.

Georges Cuvier

Recognized that different animals occur in different strata (layers of rocks). His studies of fossils and geology caused him to break with teleology and to embrace extinction

Erasmus Darwin

Expressed ideas of evolution and transmutation long before Charles Darwin

Alfred Russel Wallace

His “Sarawak Law’: “Every species has come into existence coincident in space and time with a closely allied species”

It contradicted the idea of a single, divine creation

Why was the observation that primates and marsupials are separated by a narrow water barrier in Indonesia such a challenge for Natural Theologians to explain?

Common descent

All extant species can trace their ancestry to a single origin

Multiplication of Species

A species can give rise to daughter species

Gradualism

nature does not make jumps

Natural Selection

Differential survival and reproductive success. Or “the nonrandom survival of hereditary information through many generation”

artificial selection

the process by which humans intentionally choose certain traits in plants or animals to be passed on to future generations.

Natural Selection says that organisms vary over time and that is due to the fact that environmental processes have been and are always occuring- animals change and variants change

How are Lyell’s ideas about the uniformity of process over time related to Natural Selection?

Superfecundity

Populations can increase in size exponentially

Soft Inheritance

Inheritance of acquired characteristics Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Hard Inheritance

(particulate inheritance) GregorMendel explicitly excludes any acquired characteristics, such as of Lamarckism.

Pangenesis

Each body part has a different particle. Pangenes produced by organs travel to the reproductive organs. Male and female pangenes “blend” together

Homunculus

Little people are inside sperm

Antony van Leuwwenhoek

The discoverer of sperm

Blending Inheritance

The features of offspring are the average of those seen in the parents; now known to be mistaken

The preservation of favorable variants says that the offspring receives the best traits from either parent. Not just a 50:50 inheritance from either parent.

Why is blending inheritance incompatible with the preservation of favorable variants, which is a central tenet of natural selection?

Phenotype

the manifestation of alleles

Genotype

the alleles that are present

Gene

unit of hereditary that is transferred from a parent to offspring (aka allele)

Allele

Different form of genes

2 because you get one from each parent

How many copies of each gene are present in a diploid cell? Why?

homozygous

two copies of  the same allele

heterozygous

having two different alleles

Mendel’s law of inheritance

genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent

Mendel’s law of independent assortment

traits are independents from each other when assorted and do not effect what happens with the other alleles

Mendel’s law of segregation

alleles do not blend. Each gamete carries one allele from each gene

Prokaryote

primitive cell with no nucleus and DNA existing in a singular circular look (bacteria)

Circular Chromosome and No Cell Nucleus

Parts of a Prokaryote

Eukaryote

cells with nucleus and organelles (animals, plants, humans)

Eukaryotic cells have organelles and nucleus while prokaryotic cells do not

How do eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells?

nucleus
cell membrane
cytoplasm
ribosome
multiple chromosomes

Parts of a eukaryotic cell

No, some cells such as yeast are single celled

Are all eukaryotic organisms multicellular?

Yes, because humans have cells that have a nucleus and organelles

Are humans eukaryotes

Homologous Chromosomes

A pair, each pair consisting one from Mom and one from Dad, of chromosomes that code for the same trait (23 pairs in total)

Sister Chromatids

identical copies of homologous chromosomes formed by DNA replication, half of the duplicated chromosomes

Diploid

46 choromosomes and 23 pairs in somatic cells