positioning centering and angles

where do you center for PA or AP large intestine images? (including the decubitus positions)

center at the level of the iliac crests, at the MSP

what is the patients body rotation for AP and PA oblique large intestine images?

35-45 degree rotation

where does the central ray enter for RPO and LPO ap oblique projections of the large intestine ?

it is 1 to 2 inches lateral from the midline toward the elevated side at the level of the crests

where does the central ray enter for RAO and LAO PA oblique projections of the large intestine?

it enters 1-2 inches laterally from the midline toward the elevated side at the level of the iliac crests.

what is the degree of angulation for an ap axial projection of the large intestine? cephalic or caudal?

30-40 degrees cephalic.

central ray for an ap axial projection of the large intestine?

directed to enter the midline 2 inches inferior to the level of the asis. (or inferior margin of pubic symphysis if collimated image of rectosigmoid desired)

where does the central ray enter for lateral projection of the large intestine (rectosigmoid portion)

it enters the midcoronal plane at the level of the asis.

what is the degree of angulation for a pa axial projection of the large intestine? cephalic or caudal?

it is 30-40 degrees caudal.

central ray for pa axial large intestine?

enters the midline at the level of the asis (30-40 caudal angle)

central ray for PA or AP projection of the small intestine within 30 minutes of contrast? for delayed images?

within 30 at the level of L2 (sthenic) delayed center at the iliac crests

what is the centering for AP projection of the stomach and duodenum

center midway between the xiphoid process and lower rib margin (L1-L2) and midway between midline and left lateral margin of abdomen.

centering for right lateral stomach and duodenum?

midway between midcoronal plane and anterior of abdomen at the level of L1-L2 (1-2 inches above lower rib margin) or at L3 for upright

how much is the patient rotated for AP oblique stomach and duodenum (LPO)

average of 45 degrees should be okay, but it can vary from 30-60 based on body habitus

how much is patient rotated for PA oblique stomach and duodenum RAO

40-70 degrees. hypersthenic patients will need more rotation

central ray for ap oblique stomach and duodenum LPO position

entering a sagittal plane midway between the vertebrae and the left lateral margin of the abdomen (downside) at a level midway between xiphoid process and the lower margin of the ribs.

central ray for PA oblique stomach and duodenum RAO position

at a sagittal plane midway between the vertebrae and lateral margin of the elevated side (left side is up) at the level of L!-L2 (1-2 inches above the lower rib margin)

what is the degree of angulation for the PA axial stomach and duodenum? cephalic or caudal

35-45 degrees cephalic

central ray for pa axial stomach and duodenum?

level of L2 1-2 inches above lower rib margin. (hypersthenic higher) (asthenic lower)

centering for PA stomach if patient is upright

3-6 inches lower than L1-L2. also midway between vertebrae and left lateral margin of abdomen.

for an AP or PA esophagus what level is the central ray entering

t5-t6

for PA oblique esophagus (RAO) what is the patient degree of rotation

35-40 degrees

central ray for PA oblique esophagus (RAO)

the level of t5-T6 2 inches lateral to the MSP toward the elevated side.

central ray for MBSS AP projection.

perpendicular entering laryngeal prominence.

central ray for SMV projection of the ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses?

horizontal and perpendicular to the IOML through sella turcica. enters ¾ inch anterior to EAM

in SMV projections what should be parallel with the plane of the IR

the ioml

in parietoacanthial projection for the maxillary sinuses (Water’s method) the OML should be angled how many degrees to the IR?

it should be 37 degrees

parietoacanthial projection for the maxillary sinuses (waters) how should the MML be positioned to the ir

perpendicular.

central ray for parietoacanthial projection for the maxillary sinuses? (waters)

horizontal to the IR exiting the acanthion (no angle it is a sinus)

in the PA Axial projection for the frontal and anterior ethmoid sinuses (Caldwell) how much should you angle the grid device or the OML

15 degrees. tilt grid down if you can. or if it is stationary position patient so their nose touches IR and OML forms 15 degree angle to the ir.

central ray for PA axial Caldwell of the frontal and ethmoidal sinuses

horizontal to exit the nasion

central ray for lateral projection of the paranasal sinuses

horizontal enters ½ to 1 in posterior to the outer canthus

in lateral projection of the paranasal sinuses what plane should be perpendicular to the ir and which should be perpendicular to the front edge of the ir

the IPL is perpendicular and the IOML is perpendicular to front edge (parallel to ir itself)

central ray for SMV projection of the mandible

perpendicular to the IOML entering midway between the angles of the mandible

what is the angulation for axiolateral and axiolateral oblique projections of the mandible

25 degrees cephalic passing through mandibular region of interest (ramus body or symphysis)

in axiolateral and axiolateral oblique projections of the mandible how should the patients head be positioned to see the ramus

in a true lateral

in axiolateral and axiolateral oblique projections of the mandible how should the patient be positioned for the body

30 degrees toward the ir

in axiolateral and axiolateral oblique projections of the mandible how should the patients head be positioned for the symphysis

rotated 45 degrees toward the ir

what is angulation for the PA axial projection of the mandibular body?

30 degree cephalic

what is the central ray for the PA axial projection of the mandibular body?

will be directed midway between the TMJ’s (30 degree cephalic angle)

in PA axial projection for the mandibular body what plane should be perpendicular to the IR (patient has nose and chin on ir)

AML acanthiomeatal line

what is the angulation for a PA axial projection of the mandibular rami

20-25 degrees cephalic

central ray for PA axial projection of the mandibular rami

exits the acanthion (20-25 cephalic)

what is the central ray for PA projection of the mandibular rami

exits the acanthion. perpendicular

central ray for lateral nasal bones

1 inch distal to the nasion

what is the angulation for PA Axial projection of the facial bones Caldwell method

15 degrees caudal

what is the angulation for PA axial projection for the facial bones when you want to see orbital rims (exaggerated Caldwell)

30 degrees caudal.

central ray for PA axial facial bones (Caldwell)

exits the nasion (15 caudal or 30 for orbital rims)

central ray for acanthioparietal projection of the facial bones (reverse waters)

perpendicular entering the acanthion

the OML should form what degree of angulation with the IR in acanthioparietal projection of the facial bones (Reverse waters)

37 degrees

in a modified waters projection of the facial bones what degree of angulation should the OML make with the IR (parietoacanthial)

55 degrees (good for blowout fx)

central ray for parietoacanthial waters method for facial bones

perpendicular exiting the acanthion (oml forms 37 degrees to ir)

central ray for lateral facial bones projection

perpendicular entering lateral surface of zygomatic bone halfway between outer canthus and EAM

central ray for parietoacanthial projection of the orbits (modified waters method)

perpendicular through the mid orbits

in the modified waters method for the orbits (parietoacanthial) projection what angle should OML be with ir

50 degrees

central ray for lateral projection of the orbits

perpendicular through the outer canthus

long axis of each orbit is directed obliquely, posteriorly, and medially how many degrees from the MSP, and how many degrees superiorly

37 degrees and 30

central ray and angulation for pa axial skull (Haas method)

25 degrees cephalic entering 1 ½ in below external occipital protuberance and exiting 1 ½ inches superior to the nasion

central ray for ap axial skull towne method

directed through the foramen magnum (2 ½ inches above the glabella) caudal 30 degrees to the OML or 37 to the IOML is patient cant flex enough

what should angle be for AP axial Towne method if their is trauma

40 to 60 caudal

central ray for AP and AP axial reverse caldwell method for skull

perpendicular entering nasion or 15 degrees cephalic entering nasion (ridges in lower third of orbits)

central ray for PA and PA axial caldwell method for skull

perpendicular exiting nasion or 15 degrees caudad to exit nasion

central ray for lateral skull projection

perpendicular entering 2 inches superior to EAM

in mesocephalic skull what degree are the petrous pyramids projected anteriorly and medially

47 degrees

in a brachycephalic skull what angle are the petrous pyramids projected to MSP

54 degrees

what angle are petrous pyramids in a dolicephalic skull

40 degrees