Biol pp 2

Which of the following statements is true?

A. A chromosome includes just one molecule of DNA
B.Agender holds information for building a protein
C. DNA is made of chromosomes
D. Bacteria can be described as protists
E. Prokaryotic cells are typically 10 to 200 um in diameter

a

One meter (m) is composed of how many nm?

1,000,000,000

Which if the following statements is true?

a. The structure if a triglyceride includes a charged group
b. As protection against freezing membranes of plant cells include cholesterol molecules
c. A fatty acid is saturated if ur include at least one double bond
d. every cell uh the human body synthesizes cholesterol
e. Oils are made of phosphate groups that are liquid at room temperature

d

what is a living system?

any system that uses energy for the purpose of growth, maintenance, and reproduction

How many chromosomal DNA molecules are up the nucleus of a human hepatocyte (liver cell)?

46

what characters are common to all molecules?

molecules have:

size

shape

charge

how can molecules interact?

if they complementary surface structures, then they can bind to each other non-covalently

can molecules change shape?

a single covalent bond acts as a axle

what happens when molecules bind to each other?

they change each other’s shapes

why care abut change in shape?

because a change in shape can mean a change in function

what are the 4 classes of small biological molecule?

amino acids

nucleotides

monosaccharides

acetyl group

what is the structure of an amino acid?

An a-carbon atom is covalently bound to:

hydrogen atom

amino group

carboxyl group

R-group (diff in each amino acid)

how many kinds of amino acid are found in living systems?

4

Non polar

Polar

Positive charge

Negative charge

what is the structure of a nucleotide?

every nucleotide has the same phosphate group

2 kinds of sugar

5 kinds of nitrogenous base

which two sugars are part of the nucleotides Ribose and Deoxyribose?

Ribose: OH in RNA nucleotides only and H in DNA nucleotides only

what are monosaccharides?

a carbohydrate that cannon be hydrolyzed into smaller molecules that are also carbohydrates

what is the structure of an acetyl group?

CH3CO-

can many molecules be covalently linked, to build larger molecules?

Define micromolecule?

large molecules that are

made of a series of covalently linked smaller molecules

what are the 4 classes if biological macromolecule?

proteins

nucleic acids

polysaccharides

lipids

what is a cell made of?

70% water and 30% chemical

chemical:

15% proteins

1% DNA

6% RNA (all kids)

2% polysaccharides

2% phospholipids

4% small molecules and ions

how many diff kinds of protein can there be in a cell?

5,858 different proteins

can one amino acid be covalently linked to another?

yes, via a dehydration reaction

dehydration synthesis

the creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released

what are proteins made of?

linear series of covalently linked amino acids

Protein structure: G - Actin

a structural protein that is present in all eukaryotic cells

Protein structure: Insulin

a water soluble hormone

Protein structure: Hemoglobin

a four-protein complex that carries O2 in blood

what kinds of functions can proteins have?

enzymes

antibodies

antimicrobial peptides

hormones

receptors

transporters

storage proteins

structural proteins

genetic proteins

genetic regulatory proteins

what is an enzyme?

a protein that catalyzes specific biochemical reactions

what is DNA made of?

adenine

guanine

cytosine

thymine

what us RNA made of?

adenine

guanine

cytosine

uracil

what are nucleic acids made of?

linear series of covalently linked nucleotides

How are the two strands of DNA held together?

with hydrogen bonds

In DNA A pairs with ____

pairs with T

In DNA G pairs with ____

pairs with C

In RNA A pairs with ______

pairs with U

Function of DNA

stores information

mRNA

carries information from gene to the ribosome

rRNA

contributes to ribosome function

tRNA

carries amino acids to ribosomes

what are disaccharide composed of?

two monosaccharides that are covalently attached to each other

what are polysaccharides composed of?

linear or branched series of covalently linked monosaccharides?

what are some functions of polysaccharides?

energy storage and structure

what kinds of lipids are there?

recall: all lipids are built from acetyl groups

phospholipids

triglycerides

fatty acids

steroids

what is saturated fatty acid?

a fatty acid whose carbon atoms are covalently bound to as many hydrogen atoms as possible

what is the structure if triglyceride?

oil - triglyceride that is liquid at room tempt

fat - triglyceride that is solid at room tempt

how are phospholipids built?

charged group, phosphate group, glycerol, two fatty acids

Hydrophobic (fatty acid “tails”)

uncharged, neutral molecules

Hydrophilic (heads)

molecules are charged + polar and will mix with other charged molecules

How can a fatty acid structure contribute to survival?

regions of membranes that have high concentration of phospholipids that have unsaturated fatty acids exhibit:

greater flexibility

greater permeability

greater resistance to freezing

What is the general structure of a steroid?

at moderate temps, cholesterol reduces membrane fluidity.

but at low temps, cholesterol hinders freezing.

What are some functions of lipids?

energy storage molecules

structural lipids

water barrier molecules

pigments

hormons

vitamins

thermal insulator molecules

electrical insulator molecules