Chapter 2-5 Review

glycoprotein is carb + protein (some hormones, in cell membranes)

lipoprotein is protein + lipid (in cell membranes, carrier molecules in blood)

glycoproteins and lipoprotein and examples

mRNA → transcribed in nucleus and translated outside of nucleus

tRNA → brings amino acids for translation

rRNA → makes up the ribosomes

3 types of RNA used to take information for assembling a protein out of the nucleus and to actually assemble it

they’re all RNA

ATP, GTP → energy carriers

cAMP → regulation of intracellular cascades

NAD, FAD → co-enzymes

what are ATP, GTP, cAMP, NAD, and FAD

weak acid and weak base → carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion

what is a buffer composed of and what buffer is used in blood

acidosis → blood pH falls below 7.35

alkalosis → blood pH rises above 7.45

what is acidosis and alkalosis in the blood

the bicarbonate/carbonic acid buffer system AND the lungs and kidneys

what works together to prevent acidosis or alkalosis in the blood

red blood cells → they have no organelles, so no mitochondria, so much use glucose

what cells can only use glucose

they decrease the surface tension of water which helps keep our lungs open during change in pressure

what do micelles do

single layer of phospholipids in a circle with a complete hydrophobic internal environment

structure of micelles

they are lipids and composed of 3 6-C rings and 1 5-C ring and a functional group

what are steroids composition

cholesterol

what do steroids arise from

it adds structure to the membrane → warmer temperature causes cholesterol to add more structure and lower temperatures cause it to lose some rigidity

purpose of cholesterol in the plasma membrane

phosphatase removes phosphate groups

kinase adds phosphate groups

phosphatase vs kinase

isoenzymes

enzymes that do the same job in different organs but may be slightly different (in areas outside the active site)

detecting and diagnosing certain diseases

what are isoenzymes useful in

the accumulation of the final product in a metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier enzyme in that pathway

what is end product inhibition

amino acid metabolism

what type of metabolic defect is affected in PKU

phenylpyruvic acid → mental retardation and epilepsy

what does PKU lead to increase to and what is the clinical result

brain → mainly glucose

resting skeletal muscles → fatty acids

liver → fatty acids

heart → fatty acids

what energy sources does the brain, resting skeletal muscles, liver, and heart rely on