AP Bio Cells (Quizlet archived)

All cells have:

Chromosomes, cytosol, ribosomes, and a membrane

Prokaryotes

Cells that do not have membrane bound organelles

Two types of bacteria:

bacteria and archaebacteria

Eukaryotes

Cells that contain membrane bound organelles, including a nucleus

Nucleus

Manages cell functions and contains DNA

Nuclear membrane

a double membrane that protects the nucleus - semi-permeable

Nuclear lamina

proteins fibers that maintain the shape of the nucleus

Chromosomes

DNA and all associated RNA

Chromatin

unwound chromosomes

nucleolus

where rRNA and henceforth ribosomes are made - looks like a dark spot in the nucleus

ribosomes

made in the nucleus and creates proteins - part RNA, part protein - found in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER

endomembrane system

The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

Does not have ribosomes attached to it - Makes lipids, steroids, and phospholipids - detoxifies drugs and toxins

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)

dotted with ribosomes - helps package proteins into vesicles

vesicles

carry molecules, bud off ER or golgi body

golgi apparatus (golgi body)

gets new proteins and lipids, repackages them, and sends them back out - large in secretory cells

lysosome

contain digestive enzymes to break down materials for use or reuse

vacuole

storage compartment of the cell - plants have one large vacuole, animals have multiple smaller ones

Mitochondria

site of cell respiration - has its own DNA and ribosomes - was once a prokaryote - powerhouse of the cell

plastids

double membrane organelles found only in plants - have DNA, RNA, and ribosomes

leucoplast

stores starch

Chloroplast

an organelle found only in plants used to capture sunlight for photosynthesis

Peroxisomes

Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals

cytoskeleton

Proteins that maintain the shape of the cell

microtubules

part of the cytoskeleton, the largest parts - hollow cables for structures to move along

microfilaments

part of the cytoskeleton, the smallest parts

intermediate filaments

part of the cytoskeleton, in between microfilaments and microtubules in size

Plasmodesmata

holes in the cell wall to allow the sharing of cytosol between plant calls - plant cells only

tight junctions

neighboring animals cells are pressed together to prevent leaking - like stiches

Desmosomes

fastens animals cells together - like screws

gap junctions

channels to allow the passage of molecules in animals cells