Forensic Science
application of science to matters of law (criminal or civil)
Edmond Locard
Locard’s Exchange Principle: when one person comes across another person or object a cross-transfer of material occurs
When was Alabama’s forensic lab established?
1935 and it is the 2nd oldest state lab
Physical Science Unit
drugs, glass, paint, explosives, and soil
Biology Unit
DNA, Hair/fibers, botanicals (woods and plants)
Firearms Unit
Firearms, bullets, cartridge cases, shotgun shells, ammo, distance determination, and toolmarks (impression evidence)
Document Exam Unit
handwriting, typewriting, authenticity, source, paper and ink, obligation, erasures, and burned documents
Photography Unit
Examines and records physical evidence. uses specialized photography technology (IR, UV, PWL) Prepares documents for court
Toxicology
Examines body fluids for drugs and poisons including alcohol
Fingerprint Unit
examines evidence for latent fingerprints
Polygraph Unit
used mostly by a trained interrogator, not forensic scientists
Voiceprint Analysis Unit
Voice can be a fingerprint and unique to user
Crime Scene Investigation Unit
Document and collect evidence that will be processed later at crime lab
Fyre v. United States
Scientific examination procedure must be generally accepted within the scientific community
Daubert v. United States
Has the technique or theory been tested, has there been peer review, rate of error, are there standards controlling the techniques operation, has this technique attracted widespread acceptance within a relevant scientific community.
6 Step Methodology for working a crime scene
1) assess- gather resources and information
2) observe- walk through the scene, locate primary focal points, exit/entry points, secondary scene
3) Document-Notes, photograph, sketch, measure “fixed items”
4) Search- look for evidence
5) collect- using PPE, and clean bags/containers, place items in and seal
6) analyze- use chemicals, powders, road mapping at the scene, and analyze at the lab
4 types of Photographs
1) general photos
2) evidence establishing shots (mid-range shots)
3) close up shots
4) Forensic Quality photos
general photos
show the basic layout of the scene, usually from the 4 corners. uses an undistorted lens. document without visual bias
Evidence Establishing Shots (mid-range shots)
shows item of interest along with a fixed object; use placecards; remember isosceles
Close Up Shots
Usually don’t need a scale/ruler, but you want to fill the frame and get as much data in the photo
Forensic Quality Photos
Always be ISO 100, tripod used with trigger release, camera’s digital sensor plane parallel to object and a scale to show precise size
Good Compisition
part art and part knowledge of what your audience needs to accurately tell a story
Isosceles Triangle
Photographer stands equal distant from the fixed point and the item of interest. Establishes true distance of objetcs (Body parts (that are not going to move on their own) can be fixed points)
Metering
shows if the shot is under or over exposed. If the meter is at 0, the shot is at a good exposure
Bracketing
Purposefully under or over exposing photos
Shutter Speed
“click”; most forensic work requires slower shutter speeds, due to low levels of ambient light at a typical crime scene
F-stop
Change the depth of field, F2-F22, most scene can use F11 ,but forensic scientist need high Depth of Field
Tiny Aperture
has less light but a large depth of field (F22)
Large Aperture
has more light but small depth of field (F2)
ISO
Light sensitivity, Forensics uses ISO 100, the higher the ISO level the more grainy the photo is
Class Characteristics
Evidence that can be associated to a group and not a single source
Individual Characteristics
Evidence that can be associated with a common source with extremely high probability
How do you compare evidence?
You use the same tests to test the unknown and known samples and compare the results
Identification
determine the physical/chemical identity of a substance with as near absolute certainty based on the analytical techniques (Remember Frye or Daubert)
Fingerprint Database
Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System
DNA Database
Combined DNA Index System
Genealogy Databases
GEDmatch, 23andme, and ancestry.com
Ballistics Database
National Integrated Ballistics Information Network
Paint (car) Database
International Forensic Automotive Paint Data Query
Shoeprint Database
Shoeprint Image Capture and Retrieval
When does physical evidence achieve its optimal value?
when its collection is performed with a selectivity governed by the collectors thorough knowledge of the crime lab’s techniques, capabilities, and limitations
Secure and Isolate the Crime Scene
The first responder has a major job: they need to preserve and protect the crime scene as much as possible, take care of any hazards or dangers, look for anyone coming or going from the scene, look for a victim, minimize the amount of people at the scene and call EMT if needed, take preliminary photos. Main investigator can start assessing the scene, look for entry/exits points of the perpetrator, and determine the boundaries.
Scene context manifested in 5 ways
Predictable Effects
Unpredictable Effects
Transitory Effects
Relational Detail
Functional Detail
Predictable Effects
Changes to the scene or evidence that follows a rhythm or regularity, like entomological activity or liver or rigor mortis
Unpredictable Effects
Changes that occur randomly or in an unexpected fashion. EMT or police disrupting a scene or evidence. This can be disastrous because it can alter the evidence and scene is lost forever.
Transitory Effects
Temporary effects during a crime scene. Odors, temperature, ice in a glass, cigarette burning. Fleeting pieces of information that eventually will be lost due to time and environment. First responders are trained to look for such items.
Relational Detail
Manifests itself to the ability of the investigator being able to physically place items in a scene. Presence of a void on a wall, cluster of casings on the grass, recognizing short vs. long distance gunshot wound. Evidence outside could be easily moved by the wind, so measuring all items is crucial inside or outside a scene.
Functional Detail
the item/s involved in the crime able to perform normally. Was gas functional, was door bolt functional, was alarm on. Each tells the investigator what was possible or impossible.
Recording the crime scene: Documentation
Recording with documentation the scene provides a way to permanently record the scene in its original state. Note time, date, who is there, interview the first responder and what context changed, lead investigator does an initial walkthrough and takes notes, mark locations of evidence, and describe things that photo can’t record.
Conducting a Systematic Search for Evidence
done by CSI not forensic scientists (typically
Strip or line search pattern
good when you know the boundary
Grid Search pattern
good when you know the boundary (double line search)
Spiral Search Pattern
good for smaller areas, work your way in or out
Wheel or Ray search pattern
work in or outward, but not commonly uses
Quadrant or zone search pattern
divides the area into smaller sections, one section per team member. Can be used for car sections
Collecting and Packing Physical Evidence
Can be full cars, airplanes, or trace amount of evidence like hair. Clothing must be handled carefully and wrapped separately to avoid loss of trace evidence (hairs, fibers, blood transfers). Vacuum and sweeping must be collected separately each from different areas (sweeping drivers side vs. passengers side). Pill boxes/bottles are good for trace evidence. A druggist fold is good for trace evidence too. Plastic bags and envelops are good for small objects that are dry. While large paper bags are good for items that need to breath like blood evidence. Can place very bloody evidence into a plastic container for short periods and in cold environment until transportation to lab drying cabinet can be done. Arson cases use metal “clean” paint cans, that can be sealed, as to not let out volatiles.
Maintaining the Chain of Custody
Continuity of possession. who had the evidence and where was it located during every step of the process. from collection at the scene, to locker, to lab personnel, to returning back to the police department must all be accounted for. Initial and date the tape seal of the container.
Standard/Reference Samples
known piece of evidence that can be compared to item/substance found at scene