ANATOMY EXAM NO.1

Chapter 1

What is anatomical position

Feet flat on the ground, arms to your side, palms facing forward

Chapter 1

Supine definition

Laying down face up

Chapter 1

Prone definition

Laying down face down

Chapter 1

Levels of organization (from least complex - most complex)

Chemical/Molecular level → Cellular level → Tissue level → Organ level → Organ system level → Organism level

Chapter 1

Abdominopelvic Quadrants (lines shaped like +, intersect at the belly button): Number of sections and name of the sections

4 sections : right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant , left lower quadrant

Chapter 1

Abdominopelvic Regions (lines shaped like #, // lines are the right and left lateral lines, = are the transpyloric and transtubercular planes lines): Number of sections and name of the sections

9 Sections

Right side: right hypochondriac region (top), right lumbar region (middle), and right inguinal region (bottom)

Middle side: Epigastric region (top), Umbilical region(middle), Hypogastric -pubic- region (bottom)

Left side: left hypochondriac region (top), left lumbar region (middle), and left inguinal region (bottom)

Chapter 1

Define Superior and Inferior

Superior: Towards or above the head

Inferior: Towards or below the feet

Chapter 1

Define Cranial and Caudal

Cranial: Toward head

Caudal: toward tailbone

Chapter 1

Define Medial and Lateral

Medial: Toward midline

Lateral: Away from midline

Chapter 1

Define Anterior and Posterior

Anterior: The front

Posterior: The back

Chapter 1

Define Ventral and Dorsal

Ventral: Front

Dorsal: Back

Difference between Anterior/Posterior and Ventral/Dorsal

Anterior/Posterior is more general whereas Ventral/Dorsal is more specific

Chapter 1

Define Superficial and Deep

Superficial: Closer to the surface

Deep: Further from the service

Chapter 1

Define Proximal and Distal

Proximal: Toward Attached base

Distal: Away from attached base

Chapter 1

What is a Sagittal Plane

Body divided into left and right pieces

Chapter 1

What is a Midsagittal Plane

Equally divided left and right pieces

Chapter 1

What is a Parasagittal Plane

Unequally divided left and right pieces

Chapter 1

What is a Transverse Plane

Body divided into upper and lower body pieces

Chapter 1

What is a Frontal Plane

Divides the front of the body from the back of the body, anterior and posterior pieces

Chapter 1

What is it called when you divide the front of the skull from the back of the skull?

coronal

Chapter 1

What are body cavities?

The space left when organs are removed

Chapter 1

What are the two functions of body cavities

protecting delicate organs and allow changes in size and shape of organs

Chapter 1

What are the 2 main body cavities

Posterior (dorsal) cavity and Anterior (ventral) cavity

Chapter 1

What are the subdivisions (the cavities of) the posterior cavity

Cranial Cavity and Spinal Cavity

Chapter 1

What is the cranial cavity

the brain enclosed by the skull

Chapter 1

What is the spinal cavity

the spinal cord enclosed by spinal vertebrae

Chapter 1

What are the subdivisions (the cavities of) the anterior cavity

Thoracic cavity and Abdominopelvic cavity

Chapter 1

What is the thoracic cavity

enclosed by chest wall and diaphragm

Chapter 1

what is diaphragm

the muscle that poses as the divider for the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

Chapter 1

What are the subdivisions (the cavities of) the thoracic cavity

Pericardial cavity (the heart), Mediastinal cavity (trachea, esophagus, and major vessels), and the Pleural cavity (Right and left lungs)

Chapter 1

What are the subdivisions (the cavities of) the abdominopelvic cavity

the abdominal cavity (superior) and pelvic cavity(inferior, enclosed by pelvis)

Chapter 1

What is inside the abdominal cavity

liver, spleen, stomach, kidneys, pancreas, small intestine, and most of large intestine

Chapter 1

What is inside the pelvic cavity

rest of the large intestine, urinary bladder, various reproductive organs

Chapter 1

What lines body cavities

Serous membranes

Chapter 1

What are the two layers of serous membranes

Parietal Membranes and Visceral Membranes

Chapter 1

What do Parietal Membranes do

Line cavity wall

Chapter 1

What do Visceral Membranes do

Surround the organ itelf

Chapter 1

What determines the name of the serous membrane lining the cavities

Where they are located

Chapter 1

What are the names of the serous membranes lining the pleural cavity

visceral and parietal pleura

Chapter 1

What are the names of the serous membranes lining the pericardial cavity

visceral and parietal serous pericardium

Chapter 1

What are the names of the serous membranes lining the peritoneal cavity

visceral and parietal peritoneum

Chapter 2

What are the functions of cells

they form all of the structures and perform all the vital functions

Chapter 2

What are the two kinds of cells

Sex cells and somatic cells

Chapter 2

What are sex cells

the product of meiosis

Chapter 2

What are the male and female sex cells

males- sperm, females- oocytes

Chapter 2

What determines the function of a cell

Their form (what they look like)

Chapter 2

What is the study of cells

cytology

Chapter 2

What are the two parts of a cells

The plasma membrane and the cytoplasm

Chapter 2

What are the four major functions of the plasma membrane

1. protection
2. regulation(regulates what goes in and out of cell)
3. sensitivity (responds to change outside cell)
4. allows cell-to-cell communication, adhesion, and structural support

Chapter 2

What is the plasma membrane made up of

* phospholipid bilayer (hydrophilic heads stick out in the water while the hydrophobic tails stick together)
* proteins (either integrated or peripheral)
* glycolipids(used as receptors)
* sterils (cholesterol)- helps give structure and rigidity

Chapter 2

The plasma membrane

Closer look

Chapter 2

What are the two processes of the plasma membranes permeability

* Passive Processes
* Active Processes

Chapter 2

What is passive processes

* Does not require ATP to occur, meaning it doesn’t need energy for materials to pass in and out of the cell

Chapter 2

What are the three processes of passive processes

1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Facilitative diffusion

Chapter 2

What is diffusion

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from and area of high concentration to and area of low concentration (concentration gradient) The movement stops at equilibrium

Chapter 2

What is osmosis

Similar to diffusion except only water molecules are moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Chapter 2

What makes it osmosis

water and a semipermeable membrane

Chapter 2

What is facilitative diffusion

Diffusion but a protein is needed to help move from high concentration to low concentration because the molecules are too big.

Chapter 2

What is active processes

* Requires ATP (energy)
* It goes against the concentration gradient, meaning it moves molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

Chapter 2

What are the three processes of active processes

1. Active transport
2. Endocytosis
3. Exocytosis

Chapter 2

What is endocytosis

moves materials inside the cell

Chapter 2

What are the three kinds of endocytosis

1. pinocytosis
2. phagocytosis
3. recepter mediated endocytosis

Chapter 2

What is pinocytosis

Also known as cell drinking. it takes in some of the cellular fluid

Chapter 2

What is phagocytosis

Also known as cell eating. It takes in some solid particles of the cell

Chapter 2

What is receptor mediated endocytosis

Uses a chemical called ligands to bind to specific receptors on plasma membrane and cause vesicles to form and bring target molecules into cell

Chapter 2

What are the extensions that come out of a plasma membrane called

Microvilli

Chapter 2

What do microvilli do

They are fingerlike projections that absorb material from extra cellular fluid, they are important for increasing surface area, which increases the amount of nutrients absorbed

Chapter 2

Where do you find microvilli

In areas where absorption is important

Chapter 2

What does the cytoplasm consist of

All the intracelluar material.


1. The cytosol
2. The organelles

What is the cytosol

It consists of the intracellular fluid. (nutrients, proteins, waste products)

Chapter 2

What are organelles

Intracellular structures that perform specific functions

Chapter 2

What are the two different kinds of organelles

membranous and non membranous

Chapter 2

What are the nonmembranous organelles

cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, flagella, and ribosomes

Chapter 2

What are the membranous organelles

mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes

Chapter 2

Cytoskeleton (non membranous) Function

* Structural support
* Anchor and stabilizes organelles

Chapter 2

What are Cytoskeletons made up of

* Filaments: different sizes
* Microtubules: important for creating cilia, centrioles, and flagella

Chapter 2

Why are Flagella and Cilia important (both are non membranous)

They are important for movement within the cell

Chapter 2

Why are centrioles important (nonmembranous)

They are important for cell division

Chapter 2

Ribosome (nonmembranous) function

They are the location of protein synthesis

Chapter 2

What are the two kind of ribosomes

* Free ribosomes- float in cytoplasm
* Attached ribosomes- attached to endoplasmic reticulum

Chapter 2

Mitochondria (membranous) function

* produce ATP via cellular respiration

Chapter 2

Nucleus (membranous) function

* “control center” - contains all the chromosomes of the cell

Chapter 2

Endoplasmic reticulum (membranous) two kinds

* rough endoplasmic reticulum
* smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Chapter 2

Why is the rough endoplasmic reticulum rough?

it is studded with ribosomes

Chapter 2

What is the function of a rough endoplasmic reticulum

protein synthesis

Chapter 2

What is the function of a smooth endoplasmic reticulum

carbohydrate and lipid synthesis

Chapter 2

What is the golgi apparatus (membranous)

* stores, refines, and sends products

lysosomes and peroxisomes (membranous)

PROBABLY NOT NEEDED FOR THE EXAM.

* lysosomes: carry enzymes for digestion
* peroxisomes: carry hydrogen peroxide to break down compunds

What is intracellular attachment

How cells attach together in order to make tissues

What are the 2 different ways of cell attachment

1. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMS): transmembrane proteins that buckle cells to each other
2. Cellular cement (proteoglycan)

What are Cell adhesion molecules (CAMS)

transmembrane proteins that buckle cells to each other

What are Cellular cement

proteoglycans (protein sugar) that glue cells together

Analogy for CAMS

stapling paper; it goes through both in order to stick together

Analogy for cellular cement

gluing paper; liquid pastes it together

What are Cell adhesion molecules (CAMS) important for

making cell junctions

What are the three kinds of cell junctions found in body

1. Gap junction
2. Tight junctions
3. Desmosomes

Gap junctions function

* also known as connexons
* allow for communication to occur between cells
* allows for info to be passed from one cell to the other

Tight Junctions function

* do not allow any communication
* they glue and hold cells to each other
* they prevent water and solute from passing in between cells

Desmosomes

* they are really strong
* have 2 different kinds

What are the two kinds of desmosomes and what do they do

1. spot desmosomes: link cells
2. hemidesmosomes: link cells to basement membranes