Bio Final

Base unit for volum

liter

base unit for length

meter

base unit for temperature

degrees Celsius

base unit for mass

gram

Digit estimation applies to everything but

digital equipment

what is the goal of science?

to investigate and understand the natural world

what is biology?

the study of the living world and living things

what is the scientific method?

a series of steps used by scientists to solve a problem or answer a question

what is the first step of the scientific method?

observe

what is the second step of the scientific method?

ask a question

what is the third step of the scientific method?

For a hypothesis

how do you form a hypothesis

If INDEPENDENT VARIBALE then DEPENDENT VARIABLE because

independent variable

is what is changed on purpose

control group

used for comparison

controlled variables

all the things that are kept the same

dependent variable

what the scientist measures

what is the fourth step in the scientific method?

design a controlled experiment

what is the fifth step in the scientific method?

record and analyze

qualitative data

uses your senses

quantitative data

use a tool or equipment; numbers to measure your your observations

bias

prejudice or favor to something; scientific data should NOT be biased

what is step six of the scientific method?

draw conclusions

inference

an explanation for an observation you have made; are based on your past experiences and prior knowledge; are often changed when new observations are made help to explain your observations

theory

well tested hypothesis

hypothesis

proposed scientific observation

accuracy

measurements are close to the true value

precision

measurements are close to each other

random errors

affect accuracy because the errors are unpredictable and cant be replicated by repeating the experiment such as temperature of a room or a rodent eating the experiment.

systematic errors

affect precision because it produces a consistent amount of errors such as a person taking incorrect measurements or the instrument being broken.

chemistry

branch of science that considers the compostition of matter and how the composition changes

matter

anything that has mass and volume; made of atoms

atom

the smallest unit of matter; consists of proton (+), neutron (0), and electron (-); contains a nucleus (protons and neutrons) with a cloud of electrons surrounding it

atomic mass

number of protons+number of neutrons

element

substance composed of only one kind of atom; can exist as atoms(noble gasses) or molecules(all other elements)

atomic number represents

number of protons which equals number of electrons

atomic mass represents

number of protons+neutrons

families on the periodic table represent

number of valence electrons

periods represent

the number of orbitals

molecule

2 or more atoms of the same or different elements that are bonded together

compound

made of 2 or more atoms of different elements

chemical bonds

how molecules are formed

electrons in first electron shell

2

electrons in second electron shell

8

electrons in third electron shell

8

ionic bond

forms between a metal and non metal; metal atom loses electron(s) and nonmetal atom gains electron(s)

covalent bond

forms between nonmetal atoms; electrons are shared

ion

charged atoms that have lost or gained valence electrons

cation

a metal atom or molecule that has lost valence electrons so it has a positive carge

anion

a nonmetal atom or molecule that has gained valence electrons and has a negative charge

law of conservation of matter(mass)

matter cannot be created nor destroyed but can be changed or rearranged

6 elements of life

CHNOPS, form covalent bonds to form larger macromolecules

4 types of macromolecules

Lipid, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acid

monomers that make up lipids

glycerol and fatty acids

what are lipids functions

waterproof, insulate, steroids, energy, cusion

what elements make up lipids

CHO

Carbohydrates are made up of

simple sugars

what are complex carbohydrates functions

long term energy

what elements make up carbohydrates

CHO

what is simple carbohydrates function

short term energy

what elements make up proteins

CHONS

what monomers make up proteins

amino acids

what functions do proteins have?

membranes, enzymes, antibodies, non-steroid hormones, structural molecules

What elements make up nucleic acid

CHNOP

what monomers make up nucleic acid

nucleotides

what functions does nucleic acid have?

DNA and RNA

Dehydration synthesis

connects monomers and lose a molecule of water

hydrolysis

split a molecule of water to break the bonds between monomers

simple carbohydrate monosacharides

glucose and fructose

simple carbohydrate disaccharides

maltose, sucrose, lactose

complex carbohydrate plysaccharides

cellulose, chitin, glycogen, starch

sucrose is made up of

glucose and fructose

lactose is made up of

galactose and glucose

maltose is made up of

glucose and glucose

hydrogen bonds

form between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a negative atom nearby

cohesion

attraction between molecules of the same substance; water has high cohesion and surface tension because it can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules

adhesion

attraction between molecules of different substances; water molecules have high adhesion to other surfaces; important to plants because it allows water to move upward throughout plant (capillary action)

water is lower density as a solid because

water molecules spread apart when frozen thus causing ice to float

who invented the microscope and telescope

zaccharias janssen in 1590

who coined the term “cell”

Robert Hooke in 1665\`

who described bacteria

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek in 1674

who proposed that all plant and animal cells are composed of cells

Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann in 1839

who steals whos work to propose that all cells come from preexisting cells

Rudolf Virchow steals Robert Remak’s work in 1855

Prokaryote

no nucleus or organelles except ribosomes

Eukaryote

with nucleus and organelles

vacuole

storage structure

nucleus

stores and processes mRNA

chloroplast

Produce energy through photosynthesis

mitochondria

Creates ATP

cell wall

Protects and gives structure to the cell

cell membrane

determines what can enter and exit the cell

lysosomes

contain digestive enzymes used to break food down

golgi apparatus

Changes, sorts and packages proteins

ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

cytoskeleton

gives the cell structure

cytoplasm

Gives other organelles a place to operate

Rough ER

Synthesizes proteins and enzymes

Smooth ER

It synthesizes lipids

Centrioles

organizing microtubules that serve as the cell's skeletal system

cilia

move water relative to the cell in a regular movement of the cilia

flagella

enables movement and chemotaxis