Anatomy: Chapter 17.1-17.3

blood transports

gases, nutrients, wastes and hormones

blood regulation

maintain body temp., normal pH(contains buffers) and fluid volume( some plasma proteins to prevent fluid from moving into tissues)

blood protection

prevent blood loss(clotting) and infection(WBC and antibodies)

blood physical description

only fluid tissue in the body; formed elements(cells) in plasma(fluid matrix), sticky, opaque fluid with metallic taste

oxygenated

bright red

unoxygenated

dark brown

blood pH

7\.35-7.45

blood amount in males

5-6L

blood amount in females

4-5L

erythrocytes

RBCs; transport O2; responsible for viscosity of blood

hematocrit

percent of RBCs in blood sample; usually 45% of total volume

leukocytes

WBCs; protect body against infection

Platelets

cell fragments involved in clotting

buffy coat

leukocytes and platelets

plasma composition

slightly yellow and sticky

plasma composition

mostly water (90%) but also contains electrolytes, nutrients absorbed from digestive tract, gases hormones and plasma proteins

plasma proteins

most produced by the liver

albumin

most abundant-main contributed to osmotic pressure

alpha and beta globulins

transport proteins for lipids, some ions and vitamins

gamma globulins

antibodies released during immune response

fibrinogen

forms fibrin threads in blood clots

bioconcave disk

flat with depression.

enthrocytes nucleus and organelles

appears lighter in the center; mature RBCs- anucleate with no organelles

hemoglobin

transport respiratory gases

spectrin

network of proteins attached to plasma membrane interior; maintains shape, but allows flexibility to fit through tiny capillaries

erythrocytes SA vs V

surface area is greater than volume

erythrocytes atp production

generate atp anaerobically- no consumption of O2 carried

Hemoglobin

\-protien- make rbcs and carries respiratory gases

\- most O2 in blood is bound to hemoglobin

\-Heme- Fe^2+ globin- protien

- Two alpha beta polypeptide chains

\-One heme group per polypeptide chain (4 total)

\-One O2 bond to each home group (4 total)

oxyhemoglobin

as deoxygenated blood moves through the lungs, O2 diffuses into the blood, then RBCs where it binds to heme

deoxyhemoglobin

as tissue O2 detached from the heme and diffuses into cells

carbaminohemoglobin

C02 then binds to the glob in for transport to lungs and eventual elimination from body -20% of CO2 is transported by hemoglobin

hematopesis

blood cell formation; occurs in red bone marrow

type of blood cell depends on

the body’s need

red marrow production of blood/cells

1 ounce of blood per day containing 100 billion new cells

formed elements are derived from

hematopoietic stem cells

erthyropoiesis

enthrocyte production; takes about 15 days

ribosome synthesis

hemoglobin synthesis and Fe2+ accumulation

Hemoglobin accumulation

Color changes as hemoglobin accumulation complete; organelles ejected

ejection of nucleus

cell collapses inward due to lack of nucleus (biconcave)

low levels of RBCs

hupoxia(oxygen deprivation), high RBC causes increased viscosity

amount of RBCs produced

2 million per second

control mechanism of erythopoeis

hormonal control, but dependent on adaquate supply of Fe2+, amino acids and B vitamins (obtained through diet)

erythropoietin

hormone stimulates erthroposisis; produced by kidneys and liver when cells become hypoxic; excessive O2 in bloodstream inhibit EPO production

life span of erythropoiesis

100-120 days

location of phagocization of RBCs

spleen