Exam 3 Psyc 230 - UIUC

5.0(1)
studied byStudied by 41 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/171

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

172 Terms

1
New cards

object agnosia

Inability to recognize objects using only vision.

2
New cards

top-down processing

a process whereby our existing knowledge of objects influences how we perceive them

3
New cards

bottom-up processing

a process whereby physical stimuli influence how we perceive them

4
New cards

recognition

the ability to match a presented item with an item in memory

5
New cards

representation

the storage and/or reconstruction of information in memory when that information is not in use

6
New cards

perceptual organization

the process by which multiple objects in the environment are grouped, allowing us to identify multiple objects in complex scenes

7
New cards

grouping

the process by which elements in a figure are brought together into a common unit or object

8
New cards

Segregation

the process of distinguishing two objects as being distinct or discrete

9
New cards

figure-ground organization

the experience viewers have as to which part of an image is in front and which part of an image is in the background of a particular scene

10
New cards

Gestalt Psychology

In terms of vision, gestalt argues that what we see is greater than its individual parts. That is, the process of perception are designed to see the scene rather that bits of light here and there. Stimuli were sufficiently rich in structure to allow the perceptual system to extract meaning directly from the stimuli rather than building it up from an image of thought. The whole is different from the sum of its parts.

11
New cards

How symmetry and convexity affect figure-ground organization

Symmetry:
images that are more likely to be seen as figure and therefore in the foreground, whereas less symmetrical images are more likely to be perceived as background
Convexity:
Images with convex borders are more likely to be seen as figure, whereas those with concave borders are more likely to be seen as ground. (stevens and brookes 1988)

12
New cards

law of good continuation

grouping law stating that edges that are smooth are more likely to be seen as continuous than edges that have abrupt or sharp angles

13
New cards

law of proximity

grouping law stating that elements that are close together tend to be perceived as a unified group

14
New cards

law of similarity

grouping law stating that elements that are similar to one another tend to be perceived as a unified group

15
New cards

Law of Symmetry

grouping law stating that elements that are symmetrical to each other tend be be perceived as a unified group

16
New cards

perceptual interpolation

the process by which the visual system fills in hidden edges and surfaces in order to represent the entirety of a partially visible object

17
New cards

edge completion

the perception of a physically absent but inferred edge, allowing us to complete the perception of a partially hidden object

18
New cards

illusory contours

perceptual edges that exist because of edge completion but are not actually physically present

19
New cards

recognition by components

a theory stating that object recognition occurs by representing each object as a combination of basic units (geons) that make up that object; we recognize an object by the relation of its geons

20
New cards

Geons

the basic units of objects, consisting of simple shapes such as cylinders and pyramids

21
New cards

viewpoint invariance

the perception that an object does not change when an observer sees the object from a new vantage point

22
New cards

template theories

theories of pattern recognition which assert that there is a mental representation for each of the patterns to be recognized

23
New cards

Area V4

an area of the brain involved in both color vision and shape perception

24
New cards

inferotemporal area

the area of the temporal lobe involved in object perception; it receives input from V4 and other areas in the occipital lobe

25
New cards

fusiform face area

an area in the inferotemporal area of the temporal lobe that specializes in recognizing familiar faces; located in the ventral surface of the temporal lobe

26
New cards

occipital face area

an area of the brain in the occipital lobe, associated with recognizing faces as distinct from other objects; located in the extrastriate cortex and is strongly connected to the FFA

27
New cards

Prosopagnosia

inability to recognize faces but other forms of visual object recognition are relatively intact. For example, a person with prosopagnosia will have difficulty recognizing particular people but will not have difficulty identifying roses or gloves.

28
New cards

Grill-Spector experiment

examined the role of the FFA in face recognition using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology. participants briefly saw Harrison Ford's face followed by a mask, or a control stimulus followed by a mask (a). In (b), we can see the activity in the FFA when the participant recognized the photo as Harrison Ford and when the participant did not. Note that the highest response in the FFA is for correct recognition.

29
New cards

parahippocampal place area (PPA)

an area within the inferotemporal cortex that appears to have the specific function of scene recognition; tuned for recognition of spatial landscapes, both indoor and outdoor scenes

30
New cards

topographic agnosia

a deficit in recognizing spatial landscapes, related to damage to the parahippocampal place area

31
New cards

Extrastraite Body Area (EBA)

an area within the inferotemporal cortex that is activated when its cells view bodies or body parts but not faces

32
New cards

grandmother cell theory

Theory that there is a particular cell in the ventral processing stream whose job is to fire when you see a particular object or person (such as your grandmother).

33
New cards

results of the Quiroga et al. Study (2005)

these data are from single cells within the human temporal cortex. One cell responded to the image of Kobe Bryant but not to the images of other people. Similarly, one cell responded to the image of the Golden Gate Bridge but not to images of other landmarks

34
New cards

face inversion effect

The inability to detect facial features that are inverted on an inverted face (i.e., the features would be upside down, and very obvious, if the face were turned right-side up), because we are so used to processing faces in the upright orientation.

35
New cards

Capgrass syndrome

The delusional belief that an acquaintance has been replaced by an identical-looking imposter. It is more commonly seen in schizophrenia, dementia, and brain trauma.

36
New cards

results of looser and Wheatley's study of animacy

data show participants' perceptions of whether the figures were animate or not (alive or not, realistic or not, has a mind or doesn't, can feel pain or can't); results showed we have a high criterion for recognizing animacy in a human face.

37
New cards

Accidental viewpoints & features

A viewing position that produces some regularity in the visual image that is not present in the world
Perceptual committees assume viewpoints are not accidental

38
New cards

wavelength of light and color

humans see wavelengths of light that vary between 400 and 700 nm

39
New cards

visual spectrum

the range of wavelengths that our eyes can detect (400-700)

40
New cards

heterochromatic light

white light, consisting of many wavelengths

41
New cards

monochromatic light

light consisting of one wavelength

42
New cards

spectral reflectance

the ratio of light reflected by an object at each wavelength

43
New cards

achromatic lightness

when objects reflect all light wavelengths equally; white (90%) to gray (50%) to Black (10%)

44
New cards

hue

the color quality of light, corresponding to the color names we use, such as orange, green, indigo, and cyan; hue is the quality of color

45
New cards

quality

the value that changes but does not make the value larger or smaller

46
New cards

saturation

the purity of light; the more saturated the stimulus is, the stronger the color experience; the less saturated the stimulus, the more it appears white or gray or black (achromatic)

47
New cards

lightness

the psychological experience of the amount of light that gets reflected by a surface

48
New cards

Brightness

the perceived intensity of the light present

49
New cards

additive color mixing

the creation of a new color by a process that adds one set of wavelengths to another set of wavelengths

50
New cards

subtractive color mixing

color mixing in which a new color is made by the removal of wavelengths from a light with a broad spectrum of wavelengths

51
New cards

metamer

a psychophysical color match between two patches of light that have different sets of wavelengths

52
New cards

color matching experiments

observers adjusted the amounts of three different wavelengths of light mixed together in a "comparison field" until the color of this mixture matched the color of a single wavelength in a "test field"

53
New cards

s-cone

the cone with its peak sensitivity to short-wavelength light, around 420 nm (blue)

54
New cards

M cone

the cone with its peak sensitivity to medium-wavelength light, around 535 nm (green)

55
New cards

L-cone

the cone with its peak sensitivity to long-wavelength light, around 565 nm (yellow)

56
New cards

the response of cones to a 500-nm light

each cone system responds to this light but with a weaker or stronger response. Color is partially determined by this pattern of responses of each cone to any particular wavelength

57
New cards

Univariance

the principle whereby any single cone system is colorblind, in the sense that different combinations of wavelength and intensity can result in the same response from the cone system

58
New cards

why more than one receptor is necessary to see in color?

we are unable to see color with only one cone, with the help of three cones that all respond in different levels of strength, we are able to perceive color and its intensities.

59
New cards

trichromatic theory of color vision

the theory that the color of any light is determined by the output of the three cone systems in our retinae

60
New cards

the three cones systems of the retinae

S,M, and L cones

61
New cards

the opponent theory of color perception

the theory that color perception arises from three opponent mechanisms, for red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white

62
New cards

Hering's opponent-process theory

all colors on the color circle can be represented by two pairs of opposing colors

63
New cards

sorting into four groups

green, red, yellow, and blue (western and non-western cultures support this)

64
New cards

perception of color combinations

non-primary colors look like combinations of two primary colors but our perception of color supports that red and green don't combine and blue and yellow don't combine (it it hard to imagine with color they would make)

65
New cards

afterimages

visual images that are seen after an actual visual stimulus has been removed

66
New cards

simultaneous color contrast

a phenomenon that occurs when our perception of one color is affected by a color that surrounds it

67
New cards

findings that support opponent theory

color combination perception, four basic color group sorting, afterimages, and simultaneous color contrast

68
New cards

Cone-opponent cells in LGN

neurons that are excited by the input from one cone type in the center but inhibited by the input from another cone type in the surround

69
New cards

color-opponent cells in V1

neurons that are excited by one color in the center and inhibited by another color in the surround , or neurons that are inhibited by one color in the center and excited by another color in the surround

70
New cards

double-opponent cell

cells that have a center, which is excited by one color and inhibited by the other, in the surround, the pattern is reversed

71
New cards

color deficiency

the condition of individuals who are missing one or more of their cone systems

72
New cards

Rod monochromacy

a condition in which a person has no functioning cones and therefore can be described as truly color blind

73
New cards

cone monochromacy

(extreme rare) they have one cone but not the other two; s-cone monochromacy is more common in men, has similar side effects to rod monochromacy but less severe, also have poor acuity and high sensitivity to bright light

74
New cards

Types of Color Vision

tritanopia, protanopia, and deuteranopia

75
New cards

Tritanopia

a lack of s-cones, leading to blue-yellow color deficiency; this trait is rare and is not sex-linked

76
New cards

Protanopia

a lack of L-cones, leading to red-green deficiency; this trait is sex linked and thus more common in men

77
New cards

Deuteranopia

a lack of M-cones, leading to red-green deficiency; this trait is sex linked and thus more common in men

78
New cards

cortical achromatopsia

loss of color vision due to damage to the occipital lobe

79
New cards

light source

monochromatic light source, yellow light; Under these conditions, only the yellow-blue opponent channel can help us do color discriminations. You will experience the world as a color deficient individual does.

80
New cards

errors we have made

Brown-blue: look alike
Red-green: difficult to tell them apart
Yellow-orange: look alike

81
New cards

yellow surfaces

this color is reflected and coded along the yellow-blue channel

82
New cards

red and green surfaces

these surfaces reflect a little bit of yellow light, however red and green cannot be coded by the yellow channel

83
New cards

blue surfaces

blue is the opponent color of yellow. So, the yellow light will remove or "kill" the blue (go back to the Hue Cancellation experiments). Blue surfaces reflect only very little light, so they will look very dark.

84
New cards

hue cancellation

an experiment in which observers cancel out the perception of a particular color by adding light of the opponent color

85
New cards

hue cancellation experiments

- Start with a color, such as bluish green.
- The goal is to end up with pure blue.
- Shine some red light to cancel out the green light.
- Adjust the intensity of the red light until there is no sign of either green or red in the blue patch.

86
New cards

brown surfaces

these surfaces don't reflect a lot of light in general, so they will look dark.

87
New cards

orange surfaces

what is orange? Yellow + red. Yellow is reflected but red is not and cannot be coded by the yellow channel.

88
New cards

constancy

the ability to perceive an object as the same under different conditions

89
New cards

color constancy

the ability to perceive the color of an object despite changes in the amount and nature of illumination

90
New cards

lightness constancy

the ability to perceive the relative reflectance of objects despite changes in illumination

91
New cards

color based acuity

1) cones are clustered together around the fovea and are in the
midget system (one photoreceptor - one ganglion cell) giving us
spatial acuity.

2) Three different types of cones respond maximally to three
different wavelengths (S, M and L cones).

92
New cards

Does everyone see colors the same way?

No

About 8% of male population, 0.5% of female population has some form of color vision deficiency: Color blindness

93
New cards

cultural relativism

not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms

94
New cards

Synesthesia

describing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound")

95
New cards

Watercolor illusion in synesthesia

brighter chromatic contour on the inside and dark chromatic contour on the outside. The brighter color spreads into the entire enclosed area

96
New cards

what parts of fovea see the motion?

motion thresholds are a function of what parts of the retinae are seeing the motion. We have rather poor motion thresholds. there are simply some stimulus that are too fast or too slow for us to make sense of

97
New cards

real motion

motion in the world created by continual change in the position of an object relative to some frame of reference

98
New cards

apparent motion

the appearance of real motion from a sequence of still images presented one after the other

99
New cards

correspondence problem

how the visual system know if an object seen at time 1 is the same object at time 2

100
New cards

induced motion

an illusion whereby one moving object may cause another object to look a if it is moving