HOA 1 - GREEK ARCHITECTURE

Crete

It was upon the island of ___ that

arose the first great sea-power of the

Mediterranean, which flourished a

thousand years before the Greek

civilization reached its peak.

Aegean

___ civilization has two cultures

known as MINOAN which flourished in

Crete under the legendary King Minos

of Knossos, and the mainland civilization

known as MYCENAEAN, after one of

the great centers, Mycenae.

MINOAN

flourished in

Crete under the legendary King Minos

of Knossos. First great culture of aegean civilization (aegean civilization)

MYCENAEAN

the mainland civilization

known as ___, after one of

the great centers, Mycenae. (aegean civilization)

marble

The greatest importance to her

architecture was her unrivalled ___

which facilitates exactness of line and

refinement of detail.

Pentelic marble

The most famous variety of marble is

the ___ of Greece, found in

the quarries of Mount Pentelikon in

Attica. Pentelic marble was used by the

great sculptors of ancient Greece,

including Phidias and Praxiteles

nature

The Aegeans practiced ___ worship.

Rhea

(Aegean) The supreme deity was the fertility

goddess, ___.

sacred games and ritual dances

Aegean religious ceremonies included

__

12

The Greeks considered the __

Olympian gods & goddesses. (Greek Religion)

Aphrodite

Goddess of love, romance, and

beauty. Her son was Eros, god of Love (though

he is not an Olympian.)

Apollo

Beautiful god of the sun, light,

medicine, and music.

Ares

Dark god of war who loves Aphrodite.

Artemis

- Independent goddess of the hunt, the

forest, wildlife, childbirth, and the moon; sister

to Apollo.

Athena

- Daughter of Zeus and

goddess of wisdom, war, and crafts.

Demeter

- Goddess of agriculture and

mother of Persephone (again, her offspring is

not considered to be an Olympian).

Hephaestus

- Lame god of fire and the

forge. The Hephaestion near the Acropolis

is the most beautifully preserved ancient

temple in Greece.

Hera

- Wife of Zeus, protector of marriage,

familiar with magic.

Hermes

- The speedy messenger of the

gods, god of business. The Romans called

him Mercury.

Hestia

- Calm goddess of home and home

life, symbolized by the hearth which

holds the continually- burning flame.

Poseidon

- God of the sea, horses, and of

earthquakes.

Zeus

- Supreme lord of gods,

god of the sky, symbolized by the

thunderbolt.

Hades

, although he was an important god

and the brother of Zeus and Poseidon, was not

generally considered to be one of the twelve

Olympians since he dwelled in the underworld.

Mycenaean or Helladic Greece

• Defense architecture such as fortifications

of Mycenae and Tiryns were necessary for

protection.

• Citadel palaces were built.

Hellenic Greece

(history of Greece)
The" city state" ('polis') emerged as the basis of Greek society.
• Great figures in philosophy and science

such as Pythagoras and Socrates

• Greek theatre has a religious attribute and

originated from the festival of the worship

of Dionysus.

Hellenistic Greece

• Philip of Macedonia unified Greece and his

son, Alexander the Great embarked on a

national crusade against Persia.

• The death of Alexander, 32, led to the

division of the empire among his generals.

• Greece became a Roman province.

MEGARON

The ___ is the characteristic domestic

unit. (AEGEAN ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER)

Thalamus

Sleeping quarters of Aegean Megaron

1. Cyclopean

2. Polygonal

3. Rectangular

4. Inclined blocks

Methods of Walling

The PALACE OF KING MINOS, KNOSSOS

EXAMPLES OF AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE
Rooms were functionally organized

around a large central court.

The palaces also had extensive

basement storage areas, artists' workshops,

dining halls, and sumptuous living

quarters (including bathrooms) for the

noble ruling families.
The structures were light and flexible,

rather than monumental.

PALACE, TIRYNS

EXAMPLES OF AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE
is a hilltop citadel

surrounded by defensive walls. The masonry is

of the cyclopean type and short stretches of

ashlar.

LION GATE, MYCENAE

EXAMPLES OF AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE
is the most

famous feature of the Palace, Tiryns.

Above the huge lintel, corbelled stones form an

arch, creating a triangle that is filled by the two

lions carved in relief on either side of a sacred

Minoan column. The heads of the lions, now

lost, were made of separate pieces of metal or

stone.

Rock-cut or chamber tomb

Types of Aegean tomb:
is cut within the

slope of a hillside and approached by a

passageway which is open to the sky called the

dramas.

The Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae

(Aegean Tomb) also known as The Tomb of Agamemnon

Tholos type

Types of Aegean tomb:
is more elaborate; a

subterranean stone- vaulted construction

shaped like a beehive.

THE HELLENIC PERIOD

(GREEK ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER) Temples were the principal buildings.

Colonnades surround the temple.

Timber forms were imitated in stone

with remarkable exactness. For this

reason, Greek architecture has been

called "carpentry in marble".

Several refinements were practiced by

the Greeks in order to correct optical

illusions. Some of these, like the

Parthenon, exemplify a most advanced

sensitivity to form.

columnar and trabeated.

Greek architecture was essentially

___

mortise & tennon or the tongue & groove.

The method of constructing the column

was the

stylobate

has an upward curvature at

its center of 2-3/8" ontheshortersidesand4-

5/16" on the longer sides. (Hellenic Period)

drums

Columns were usually constructed in ___ and the fluting was carried out

after the shafts were in position. (Hellenic Period)

THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD

(GREEK ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER)
• Public buildings multiplied in number

and became permanent structures.

• Civic design developed and building

groups were laid out on symmetrical

lines linked colonnaded porticoes or

'stoas'

• Town planning became new

developments.

• Trabeated architecture was still usual

but arches began to appear over wall

openings

• Greek cities (Acropolis) were located

upon the highest part for dignity. It is

enclosed with a 'temenos' or sacred

enclosure.

Acropolis

(Hellenistic Period)
• Greek cities

'temenos' or sacred

enclosure.

(Hellenistic Period) Greek cities (Acropolis) were located

upon the highest part for dignity. It is

enclosed with a ___

The Acropolis, Athens

is the best

known acropolis in the world.

Important & sacred buildings were

built in the acropolis.

Propylaea

- forms the imposing

entrance to the Acropolis.

Pinacotheca

- contains painted

pictures.

Tempie of Athena, Nike

(Hellenistic Period - Acropolis, Athens)
- dedicated

to the Wingless Victory.

The Altis, Olympia

was the

center of all religious activities during the Olympics.

Delphi in Mt. Parnassus

was the major site

for the worship of the god Apollo. ___ is

a masterpiece of monuments, terraces,

temples, and treasuries.

Delos

holds the position as a holy sanctuary

and cult center in ancient Greece. __

was a sacred place with splendid buildings

and sanctuaries. __ is a UNESCO World

Heritage Site since 1990, attracting pilgrims

from all over Greece, making __ a

prosperous trading port.

Temples

• ___ were not built for internal worship

but with special regard to the outward

effect.

• They stood upon a crepidoma of 3 or more

steps.

hypaethral

(Temples) • Windows were rare and some were

___(partly open to the sky).

tympana

• On the ends of the temple roof is the

___(triangular-shaped pediment)

filled with sculptures.

Pronaos

Parts of a Greek Temple:
- front portico.

Epinaos/Opisthodomos

Parts of a Greek Temple:
rear portico.

Naos

Parts of a Greek Temple:
contains the statue of a god or

goddess.

adyton

Parts of the Greek Temple:
is the most sacred part of a

temple.

In-antis

(Types of Temples according to the arrangement of exterior columns in relation to the naos)

2-4 columns at the front.

Prostyle

(Types of Temples according to the arrangement of exterior columns in relation to the naos)

- has a portico of columns at the

front.

Amphi-antis

(Types of Temples according to the arrangement of exterior columns in relation to the naos)

2-4 columns at the front and

rear.

Amphi-prostyle

(Types of Temples according to the arrangement of exterior columns in relation to the naos)

- has a portico of columns

at the front and rear.

Peripteral

(Types of Temples according to the arrangement of exterior columns in relation to the naos)

single line of columns at the

front and rear.

Psuedo-peripteral

(Types of Temples according to the arrangement of exterior columns in relation to the naos)

flank of columns attached to the naos wall.

Dipteral

(Types of Temples according to the arrangement of exterior columns in relation to the naos)

double line of columns

surrounding the naos.

Pseudo-dipteral

(Types of Temples according to the arrangement of exterior columns in relation to the naos)

- like dipteral but the

inner range of columns is omitted.

ORDER

An ___consists of an upright column, the

base and the capital and the horizontal

entablature.

THE DORIC ORDER

most used

• masculine in quality

• has no base

• height is 4-6 1 /2x 0 the of base

• has 20 flutes

THE IONIC ORDER

four-fronted capital

originated from nautilusshell and ram's

horn

frieze has continuous figures

architrave has 3 stepped bands called
fasciae

has 24 flutes separated by fillets not by

arrises

has an attic base

height is 9x0 of base

THE CORINTHIAN ORDER

most ornate of the classical orders

has slender fluted columns

plain frieze

has a base similar to the ionic

height is 9x-1 Ox0 of base

acanthus leaf and scroll

The ___ play an important

role in Greek Ornamentation.

Its invention was due to Callimachus who got

the idea from observing a basket covered with

a tile over the grave of a Corinthian maiden.

Callimachus

The acanthus leaf and scroll play an important

role in Greek Ornamentation.

Its invention was due to ___ who got

the idea from observing a basket covered with

a tile over the grave of a Corinthian maiden.

The Parthenon, Athens

(TEMPLES OF THE DORIC ORDER)

• a supreme example of Classical Greece

• dedicated to Athena Parthenos whose 12.8.

m. high statue was one of the most marvelous

works of Phidias; made of ivory & gold with

eyes of precious stones.

• designed by lctinus and Callicrates

• master sculptor was Phidias

• peripteral octastyle in plan

• the naos known as 'hecatompedon' was

named

because it measures 100' long.

Tempie of Zeus, Olympia

(TEMPLES OF THE DORIC ORDER)

• designed by Libon

• the most important building in the Altis

located at the very center

• a peripteral hexastyle with thirteen columns

at the sides

• contains the gold & ivory statue of Zeus by

Phidias

Temple of Athena Nike, Apteros

(TEMPLES OF THE IONIC ORDER)

• dedicated to Athena Nike(Wingless Victory)

• designed by Callicrates

• smallest structure in the Acropolis

• symbolizesAthen's military & political strength

Temple of Apollo, Didyma

(TEMPLES OF THE IONIC ORDER)

designed by Paeonius and Daphnis

roof was hypaethral

dipteral octastyle plan

no opisthodomos

Erechtheion, Athens

(TEMPLES OF THE IONIC ORDER)

designed by Mnesicles

made of Pentelic and blue Eleusinian marble

has a 'caryatid porch' of 6 draped

female figures

Caryatid ("maiden of Karyai")

The ___, probably

by

Alcamenes has become the Erechtheion, Athens temple's signature

feature.

It is a sculpted female figure serving as a

column or a pillar supporting an entablature on

her head.

Canephora

A ___ is a caryatid with a basket on

her head; used either as a support or as a

freestanding garden ornament.

Atlantes

An ___ is a decorative column in the

figure or half figure of a man.

Tempie of Artemis, Ephesus

(TEMPLES OF THE IONIC ORDER)

• designed by Demetrius, Paeonius &

Deinocrates

• one of the most impressive of Greek

temples

• one of the 7 wonders of the ancient world

• dipteral octastyle at the front & enneastyle

at the rear

Tholos, Epidaurus

(TEMPLES OF THE CORINTHIAN ORDER)

• astronomical monument

• built by Polykleitos

• perystyle in plan with 14 internal corinthian

columns

• floor in black & white marble

Tempie of Olympian Zeus

(TEMPLES OF THE CORINTHIAN ORDER)

• by Cossutius is renowned as the largest

temple in Greece and housed one of the

largest cult statues in the ancient world.

Cyma reversa (ogee):

(GREEK MOULDING ORNAMENTS)

water-leaf &

tongue

Cyma recta

(GREEK MOULDING ORNAMENTS)

anthemion (or honeysuckle

Ovolo

(GREEK MOULDING ORNAMENTS)

egg & dart (or egg & tongue)

Astragal

(GREEK MOULDING ORNAMENTS)

bead & reel

Torus:

(GREEK MOULDING ORNAMENTS)

the guilloche or plait ornament,

or with bundles of leaves tied by

bands.

Corona

(GREEK MOULDING ORNAMENTS)

usually painted with the fret

ornament (also called key pattern)

fillet

(GREEK MOULDING ORNAMENTS)

is a small plain face to

separate other moldings.

scotia

(GREEK MOULDING ORNAMENTS)

is a deep hollow molding.

cavetto

(GREEK MOULDING ORNAMENTS)

is a simple hollow molding

Dentils

(GREEK MOULDING ORNAMENTS)

are a series of small

projecting rectangular blocks

under a cornice.

Bird's beak

(GREEK MOULDING ORNAMENTS)

has a section resembling a

beak.

Greek theaters

are open-air structures,

generally hollowed out of the slope of a hillside.

Diazoma

(PARTS OF A GREEK THEATRE)

horizontal walkway between

the lower and upper tiers of seats.

Orchestra

(PARTS OF A GREEK THEATRE)

semicircular space in front of

the stage used by the chorus in ancient

Greek theaters.

Paraskenia

(PARTS OF A GREEK THEATRE)

projecting wings on either

side of the proscenium.

Parodos

(PARTS OF A GREEK THEATRE)

entrance of the chorus.

Skene

(PARTS OF A GREEK THEATRE)

building behind the playing

area for changing costumes.