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Primary source
Everything that we know about the past comes from historical documents or objects that have been passed down to us from past generations. Historians can also use first person, personal accounts from the past (memoirs and/or oral history surveys). Evidence about what happened in the past.
Nation-state
A sovereign state inhabited by the relatively homogeneous group of people who share a feeling of common nationality.
Nationalism
emerged in connection with political and social development in the late 18th and 19th century.
Absolute Monarchy
Government with one ruler (a king or queen). Germany’s monarchy was abolished in 1918 due to the Weimar constitution.
Constitutional Monarchy
King or queen share rule with a constitutional based government.
Revolution of 1848
Fails attempt to unify the German speaking states because the Frankfurt Assembly reflected the many different interests of the german ruling classes. Some people argued Austria should have a role in the unified land because they had ruled the Roman Empire for 400 years. Some wanted Austria excluded from the unified Germany and Prussia are the natural leaders. People didn't come to a decision so support dwindled.
German Unification 1871 and Governmental Structure of the German Empire 1871-1918
Created in part because of the pressure that German nationalists, especially middle class liberal German nationalists, put on their local leaders to form one country for all Germans. The government of the state will reflect a mix of national liberal principles and older monarchical principles that predates the national movement. Constitutional monarchy. Strong kaiser(monarch) / weak Reichstag.
German Conservatives
Supported monarchy, traditional hierarchy, military leaders-nobles
National liberals
Pushed for imperialism, united Germany, legal equality, higher/middle class
Progressive liberals
against monarchy, control over military and foreign affairs, middle class, against tarrifs
Social Democracy Party
Social ideals-Marxism(basis for the theory and practice of communism), “social equality”, Democracy, internationalism, working class voters
Catholic Center Party
religious freedom for Catholics vs. protestant-oriented state. Traditional social values vs. modern, secular values. Catholic critiques of modern, industrial society. Anti-Marxism, against social democracy-”godless Marxism”.
Social class (after industrial revolution)
Upper class: nobles; Middle class: non-nobles + educated, free professionals, government workers, business and property owners, white collar office workers; Working class: blue collar workers, urban factories, mines, farm workers, domestic servant
Burning House analogy
Reichstag fire that Nazis blamed on Communists and used it as a pretext to suppress opposition and consolidate power. Represents the situation that is supposedly about to happen if the opposition is not stopped.
Modern Racism
neither express nor endorse racist views and stereotypes. Believe racial equality has been achieved and that we need no further policies to promote equality.
Race the Power of Illusion Movie- the Social Construction of Race
there are more genetic variations within racial groups than there are between them. Challenges the belief that race is not biological, but classified by physical traits. Racial groups are classified in different countries by a set of ideas created by their societies. Geography is the reason for some genes to accumulate in a group of people rather than race.
Prejudice in Germany before the Nazis
Jews(blamed for death of Jesus), homosexuals, Communists, Jehovah’s witnesses
Pre-Modern Jewish History (before 1789)
religious intolerance(no freedom of religion), prejudice and negative images, legal discrimination and segregation, violence, separate religious/ethnic groups, strong sense of identity.
Emancipation and Assimilation of the Jews in Western (France, England) & Central Europe
Followed the age of enlightenment. Occurred gradually between the late 18th century and the early 20th century. France and England: Jews were encouraged to integrate into dominant society, potentially abandoning some Jewish traditions. Central Europe: social and political pressure was exerted on Jews to assimilate.
Modern Antisemitism
Symbol for threats to the nation, materialism, capitalism and profit, political change, social changes, urbanism, and cultural modernity. Danger to “traditional values”
Jewish World Power Conspiracy Theory
Jewish people controlled the banks, media, government, and even the weather.
German Imperialism and Overseas Empire (Colonies)
Justified by needing land, military bases, the white mans burden, and economics and trading. Territories in Africa and Pacific. Always in majority of three alliances. Not big supporter of overseas colonization(too expensive). Second Kaiser wanted naval power, more and more territories, and let Russian alliance slip.
White Man’s Burden
duty of the perceived superior white race to civilize and rule over non-white peoples
Kaiser Wilhelm II & Foreign Policy/World Politics
aggressive foreign policy focused on making Germany a global power, led to increased tensions and ultimately contributed to the outbreak of World War I
Modern Total War
Priority to war. Uses all of the countries resources and infrastructure as legitimate military targets, mobilises all of the resources of society to fight the war, and gives priority to warfare over non-combatant needs.
German Revolution 1918
The citizens blamed the government for the loss of the war because of the mobilization of the whole society for the war. The way the Kaiser handled the war enhanced the risk of the fortunes of war which led to …. Created the Weimar Republic.
Political Structure of the Weimar Republic 1918-1933
President-elected, strong power-appointed the Chancellor. Proportional voting and coalition politics. Chancellor should have support in the Reichstag
Political Spectrum in Weimar Germany (political parties from right to left)
the Nazis, Conservatives, National Liberals, KDP, and left wing intellectuals. Germans People’s party, Progressive Liberals, Catholic Center, and Social Democrats.
Weimar Republic Crisis Years 1919-1923
Treaty of Versailles, Attacks on the Government 1919-1920 (Even bankers wouldn’t give money to the government), Great inflation 1923
Friedrich Ebert
Left wing radical, Social Democratic Party, First Chancellor/President
Versailles Treaty
Universally hated by all Germans. first chancellor would not sign it. would lose their navy, some of their military, their colonies. Demilitarized zones in Germany. Signed to stop the war before Germany got invaded.
Stab in the Back Legend (The Big Lie)
Germany didnt really lose the war. Blamed Jews for the lose.
Freikorps or volunteer units
Very brutal people. Misogynistic, anti-semitic. First to wear swasticas on their helmets
Uprisings 1919 & 1920 (from the left and the right)
Spartacist Revolt (left): aimed to establish a communist state and overthrow the Weimar Republic. The government, led by President Friedrich Ebert, called upon the Freikorps, an army made up of ex-soldiers, to suppress the revolt. Brutally crushed the uprising. Kapp Putsch (March 1920): aimed to overthrow the Weimar Republic and reinstate a monarchy. While the coup briefly seized power in Berlin, it ultimately failed due to a general strike called by the government, supported by a large portion of the German population.
Bavarian Revolution 1923
Hitlers failed coup attempt in Munich. Aimed to overthrow the Weimar Republic. Hitler was arrested.
Communist Party of Germany (KPD)
major far-left political party in the Weimar Republic during the interwar period, an underground resistance movement in Nazi Germany, and a minor party in West Germany during the postwar period
The Occupation of the Ruhr and the Great Inflation 1923
Inflation due to war debt. Had to send money and shipments to France because of the treaty. Couldn’t buy bread with the money they got due to inflation.
Weimar Republic Relative Stability (Gustav Stresemann Years) 1924-1928
Got rid of inflation with new currency. Underlying threats to democracy. President von Hindenburg was conservative. Military not wedded to democracy.
Dawes Plan
Links Germany to international economy. Aimed to resolve the reparations problem after World War I by restructuring Germany's payment schedule and offering loans to help stabilize the German economy, ultimately leading to a period of relative economic recovery
Hitler’s Biography
From lower middle class. Abusive father and loving mother (both die young). Grew up in Austria. Fathers side was uneducated. Never had a real job. Failed out of high school and got rejected from art school. Homeless. Draft dodger for WWI. Speaker for the Military and Nazi party.
National-Socialism (NSDAP or the Nazis)
Leadership principle. Cult of Fuehrer. Storm Abteilung(SA). Extreme violence (fight the communists).
Nazi Party Program 1920
Radical Nationalism. Sense of crisis, need to unify and defend the nation, great leader and need for radical solutions. Militarism, imperialism. Violent language and actions. Anti-Semitism and racism.
Nazi Party Strategies for Taking Power
Violence(fails 1924). “Legal road to power” 1924-1928(Fails, 2% of the vote). Great Depression 1929 (38%). Hitlers appointment 1933(with help from old elites).
Nazi Campaign Strategies
Propaganda(posters, radio, newspapers, and movies), mass rallies, and Hitlers speeches
Nazi Voters
Lower middle class, upper, and upper middle class in urban areas over represented. Non-voters, Young voters, More men than women until 1932. Urban working class and long term unemployment and catholics underrepresented. More Protestants than catholic.
Nazi Party as a “Catch all” Party
supporters from across classes and professions
Polarized Voting
voting in which there is a difference in the choice of candidates or other electoral choices that are preferred by voters in a protected class, and in the choice of candidates and electoral choices that are preferred by voters in the rest of the electorate.
President Paul von Hindenburg
initially resisted the demand to make Hitler Chancellor, but ultimately appointed him on January 30, 1933, under pressure from advisors and conservative politicians who believed they could control him.
Franz Von Papen
Vice-chancellor in 1933. Pressured Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor. Thought he could control Hitler.
DNVP & Nazi Coalition 1933
co-operated with each other. formed coalition governments in some states and finally supported Hitlers appointment as Chancellor. They needed the support the Nazis had.
Social Darwinism
incorrectly applies Darwin's theory of "survival of the fittest" to justify racial hierarchies and inequalities
