Greek Hist Exam 1

Bronze Age

3000-1050 BC

Iron/Dark Age

1050-900 BC

Geometric Age

900-700 BC

Archaic Age

700-480 BC

Classical Age

480-323

Hellenistic Age

323 BC-31 AD

When did the Minoans colonize Knossos

7000 BC

what type of economy did the Minoans have?

agrarian

Minoan Pre-palatial

7000-2000 BC

Minoan Palatial

2000-1470 BC

Minoan post palatial

1470-1000 BC

Where was minoan civilization located?

Crete

Main Minoan Palace Sites

Chania, Knossos, Malia, Phaistos, Zakros

function of Knossos

government, court, religion

What destroyed minoan civilization

Eruption of thera circa 1600 BC, destroyed Akrotiri, Minoan settlement on Santorini

Mycenaean Pre palatial

1600-1450 BC

Mycenaean palatial

1450-1200

Mycenaean post palatial

1200-1000 BC

Where were the Mycenaeans located

mainland Greece

tholos

expensive tombs in mycenaean civilizatioin, reserved for the elite

shaft graves

common tombs in mycenaean civilization

when did the mycenaeans decline

late 13th century BC

Agamemnon

king of Mycenae, leader of Greeks against Troy

Atreus

father of agamemnon, grave in tomb in Mycenae

Arthur Evans

excavator of Knossos

Rhyton

Mycenaean ritual drinking vessel

Heinrich Schliemann

excavator of Mycenae

Michael Ventris

deciphered and identified linear b

colonisation of asia minor

1200-1000 BC

colonisation of black sea and mediterranean

750-550 BC

foundation of Syracuse by Corinth

733 BC

Phokaia founds Massalia, Nicaea, and Emporion

600-580 BC

Colonisation- Sparta focuses on

Peloponnese area

Colonisation- Athens focuses on

unifying Attica

Where did Corinth and Megara colonise

Isthmus (area around black sea)

Where did Chalkis and Eretria colonise

Euboea

Where did Miletus and Phokaia colonise

Asia Minor

3 Major regions of colonisation

Egypt and black sea, Magna Graecia, Hellespont

Egypt and black sea colonised by

Miletus and Ionians

Magna Graecia colonised by

Euboeans and Corinth

Hellespont colonised by

Megara

Cities in Magna Graecia

Corcyra, Epidamnus, Pithecusae and Cumae, Syracuse, Taras, Gela

Cities in Black sea (later 7th century)

Byzantium and Chalcedon, Berezan

Cities in Western Mediterranean (early 7th century)

Massalia, Nicaea, Emporion, all Phokaia

why colonise?

trade, overpopulation and land shortage, external pressures- Persians and tyranny

oikistes

leads process of founding colony, allows for enforcement of identity

consultation of the delphic oracle was essential from

6th century onwards

apoika

colony

Dorieus Spartan

founded colonies in Libya and Sicily

Naukratis

Ionian colony in Egypt

Pytheas

explorer from Massalia, late 4th century

Aristotle on polis

composed of several villages, self sufficiency, man by nature is political animal

ideals of polis

self governing, self sufficient, walled, distinct identity among citizens, natural state of man

asty

city centre

chora

land around city centre

agora

civic marketplace, religious and judicial centre

acropolis

fortified high point, religious centre of city

Pausanias on Panopeus

don’t have physical features of polis, but still have local history and identity, delegates, civic institutions

oikos

household made up of man, woman, ox

oikia

conglomeration of many households that the oldest man runs

Kome(ia)

village

telos

end

synoikismos

amalgamation of greek villages into city states

Gortyn

Cretan city famous for its 7th century law code

tyrants arise

700-500 BC- civic self definition, individual power, elite strife, hoplite warfare

Eupatridae

land owning aristocracy in Athens

Theognis

poet in Megara that wrote about how aristocratic abuse leads to social conflict

Pittakos

military general who became ruler of Mytilene, overthrowing Penthilids

Kypselos

tyrant of Corinth in mid 7th century, lasted 3 generations

Kylon and Theagenes

Theagenes tried to help Kylon establish tyranny in Athens, married daughter to Kylon

Periander of Corinth and Thrasyboulos of Miletus

Thrasyboulos told story of cutting crops

when was law developed

7th-6th century BC

Zaleukos of Locri

first European written law code, regulated social relations but biased towards aristocracy

Dreros inscription in Crete

oldest law from ancient Greece, rules about giving back power

Pheidon of Argos (7th century BC)

standardise units for weights and measures, wealth regulation, coinage, identity

Lycurgus of Sparta (late 7th century)

made Great Rhetra- constitution of Sparta

When did Eupatridae rule in Athens

8th-7th century BC

When was Kylon’s attempt at tyranny

632

Political organisation of Athens in 6th century

Basileus (religious official), eponymous archon (public affairs, council and assembly), polemarch (army), thesmothetai (make laws), ekklesia (assembly of citizens), council of Areopagus (former archons)

problems w/ ekklesia

not representative of everyone

Cylon

oracle given to seize power, failed and killed under Megacles (Alcmaeonidae) who are exiled

shows athenian aversion to tyranny

Draco (620s BC)

chosen by Ekklesia to regulate laws, which are made retroactively, standardised laws- homicide law

Draco’s homicide law

empowers law as ultimate solver of conflict

Solon (590s BC)

repeals Draco’s laws, ended debt bondage, revised weights and measures, economic reforms (need to sell grain at reasonable price), political reform (citizenship based on wealth, 4 levels of society), council of 400

Peisistratus (560s BC)

social and political divisions remain, coup seizes acropolis, passes on to Hippias and Hipparchus

Hippias was removed from power in Athens by

Alcmaeonids and Spartans in 510

Political organisation of Athens in 508/7 BC: the birth of democracy

Cleisthenes’ reforms- Demes, Zones, Trittyes, Tribes

Demes

140 in Attica, small townships

Zones

city, shore, inland, split into 10 Trittyes

Trittyes

30 total, 10 in each zone

Tribes

10, one trittyes from each zone, everything organised by tribe

Boule

council of 500, 50 people from each tribe, sets agenda for ekklesia, chosen by lot

archon

selected by lot, in charge of public affairs

army

10 generals, 1 from each tribe, elected by vote

isonomia

equality under the law

sources of Sparta

Tyrtaeus (7th century BC), Alcman (7th century BC), Xenophon’s constitution (4th century), Plutarch’s life of Lycurgus (2nd century AD)

3 Messenian Wars

conquest, revolt/invasion, revolt/uprising

Helots

state owned slaves in Sparta

periokoi

live around laconia, descendents of peoples who Sparta have conquered, paid taxes and served in army but no political rights

Spartan political organisation

Basileis, Gerousia, Assembly, Ephors