HLTH SCI 1000 Exam 1 - Mizzou Scardina

What percentage of Americans receive health coverage through Employer Sponsored Insurance (ESI)?

57%

What is Medicare primarily designed for?

Seniors (65+), individuals with disabilities, and those with end-stage kidney disease.

What are the four parts of Medicare?

Part A: Hospital insurance, Part B: Outpatient services, Part C: Medicare Advantage, Part D: Prescription drug coverage.

What does CHIP stand for?

Children's Health Insurance Program.

What percentage of Americans are uninsured as of the latest data?

8%

What is the projected national healthcare expenditure by 2033?

$8 trillion.

What percentage of the U.S. Gross Domestic Product is accounted for by health spending?

17.6%

How many nonelderly Americans were uninsured in 2022?

25.6 million.

What is a major reason for bankruptcy related to healthcare?

Medical bills.

What are the top cost drivers in U.S. healthcare?

Administrative overhead, high prices for services, and prescription drug costs.

What chronic conditions account for 90% of U.S. health spending?

Obesity, heart disease, diabetes, etc.

What is defensive medicine?

Performing extra tests/procedures to avoid litigation.

What is the estimated cost of uncompensated care in the U.S.?

$40+ billion/year.

How does U.S. healthcare spending compare to other high-income countries?

The U.S. spends nearly twice as much yet has the lowest life expectancy.

What act did President Obama sign on March 23, 2010?

The Patient Protection & Affordable Care Act (PPACA).

What are the 10 Essential Health Benefits mandated by the PPACA?

Ambulatory services, emergency services, hospitalization, maternity care, mental health services, prescription drugs, rehabilitative services, laboratory services, preventive services, pediatric services.

What was repealed in 2017 regarding health insurance?

The individual mandate requiring health insurance.

What is the income threshold for Medicaid expansion eligibility?

At or below 138% of poverty.

What are common critiques of the PPACA?

Lower reimbursement rates, no single payer system, and higher prescription drug prices.

How many states have adopted Medicaid expansion?

41 states + DC.

What is the One Big Beautiful Bill Act of 2025?

A law signed on July 4, 2025, as part of a budget reconciliation package.

What is the projected impact of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act by 2034?

Estimated 10 million more people uninsured.

What are the estimated Medicaid cuts over 10 years according to the CBO?

$1 trillion.

What work requirements are included in the One Big Beautiful Bill Act?

80 hours per month and 6-month reverification.

What funding restrictions are imposed by the One Big Beautiful Bill Act?

Restrictions on Planned Parenthood funding.

What risks does the One Big Beautiful Bill Act pose to hospitals?

Risks for rural and urban safety-net hospitals.

What may market deregulation lead to according to the Brookings Institution?

Destabilization of insurance markets.

How much will Medicare payments increase under the One Big Beautiful Bill Act?

By 2.5%.

What support fund is established for rural hospitals?

$50 billion rural hospital support fund.

What services are expanded under the One Big Beautiful Bill Act?

Telehealth and digital health services.

What oversight measures are strengthened by the One Big Beautiful Bill Act?

Stronger fraud and abuse oversight.

What new process is added to Medicaid under the One Big Beautiful Bill Act?

Immigration enforcement added to Medicaid processes.

What caused the drop in ACA Marketplace enrollment from 2025 to 2026?

Enhanced subsidies ended in 2025, increasing net premiums.

What was the percentage increase in premiums in 2026?

15-26%, the largest jump since 2018.

Who signaled a potential veto of efforts to extend subsidies?

President Trump.

What are the persistent issues in the 2026 healthcare landscape?

Coverage gaps and reduced federal role in ACA.

What healthcare access improvements are noted for 2026?

Improving rural and low-income access, expanding telehealth.

What economic challenges are faced in the healthcare sector?

Rising healthcare and drug costs, inflation, and hospital closures.

What health challenges are highlighted for 2026?

Mental health needs, obesity, opioid crisis, and infectious diseases.

What patient experience improvements are mentioned for 2026?

Clearer cost estimates and compassionate billing.

What is the source of the projected coverage losses under OBBBA?

Urban Institute.

What does the acronym OBBBA stand for?

One Big Beautiful Bill for America.

What is the role of the American Medical Association in healthcare spending trends?

They provide research on trends in health care spending.

What does the Guttmacher Institute focus on regarding federal policy?

Trends on reproductive health services under OBBBA.

What is the significance of the Wall Street Journal article regarding healthcare cuts?

It discusses how healthcare cuts in the 'Big, Beautiful Bill' will affect Americans.

What is the focus of the RAND Corporation's research?

Prescription drug prices in the United States.

What does the Commonwealth Fund's report compare?

U.S. health care outcomes to other high-income countries.

What is the impact of the opioid crisis mentioned in the healthcare challenges?

It continues to affect public health and healthcare costs.

What is dementia according to the World Health Organization (WHO)?

Dementia is the seventh leading cause of death among all diseases and a major cause of disability and dependency among older people globally.

What proportion of seniors dies with Alzheimer's or another dementia?

1 in 3 seniors.

How often is someone diagnosed with a dementia disease?

Every 60 seconds.

What is a significant difference in societal response to dementia compared to other chronic diseases?

There is no business or social model for dementia diseases, unlike diabetes or cancer.

Who are the two patients involved when someone is diagnosed with dementia?

The person with dementia and the caregiver.

What are some of the communities affected by dementia?

Family, friends, employers, social organizations, community resources, healthcare resources, and emergency services.

What financial impact do dementia diseases have?

They create a significant financial burden on individuals, families, communities, and healthcare systems, costing $321 billion in 2022.

What is the projected cost of dementia diseases by 2050?

Nearly $1 trillion.

Is dementia a normal part of aging?

No, dementia is not a part of normal aging.

What are some diseases that can have dementia as a symptom?

Alzheimer's Disease, Lewy Body Disease, Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD), Parkinson's Disease, and Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD).

True or False: Dementia is a symptom of a disease.

True.

What percentage of adults aged 65 and older have at least one chronic health condition?

80%+.

What are some risk factors for developing dementia over age 65?

Diabetes, hypertension, mental illnesses, hearing loss, dental health issues, sleep apnea, TBI/concussions/strokes, social isolation, and neurodegenerative diseases.

What is the relationship between aging and dementia risk?

Aging is the leading risk factor for most chronic illnesses, including Alzheimer's disease and other dementias.

What is the significance of the brain's memory reconstruction process?

The brain reconstructs memories on demand, which can differ each time based on current situations.

What is the impact of caregiving on caregivers?

Caregiving is physically, morally, and spiritually challenging, and caregivers are also susceptible to diseases of old age.

What is the impact of dementia on the economy?

Dementia diseases cost American families billions and affect social security, disability, and local, state, and national economies.

What is the prevalence of chronic health conditions among older adults?

Approximately 68% have two or more chronic health conditions.

What is the significance of the phrase 'no one brings a casserole' in the context of dementia?

It highlights the lack of social support for dementia patients compared to those with other chronic illnesses.

What percentage of lifestyle-associated dementia risk can be attributed to modifiable risk factors?

45%

Name three modifiable risk factors for dementia.

Hearing loss, alcohol use, depression

What is the significance of social isolation in dementia risk?

It is a risk factor for developing dementia under age 65.

What are IADLs?

Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, such as managing finances and medications.

What are ADLs?

Activities of Daily Living, including walking, self-feeding, and personal hygiene.

What is the role of executive function in dementia?

It involves managing money, medications, technology, and transportation.

List two physical comorbidities associated with dementia.

Hearing impairment and visual dysfunction.

What is the impact of COVID-19 on dementia patients?

It contributed to a 17% increase in Alzheimer's and dementia deaths.

What are cholinesterase inhibitors used for?

They are used to treat dementia diseases.

Name one cholinesterase inhibitor.

Aricept, Exelon, or Razadyne.

What is the purpose of early assessment and intervention in dementia?

To slow functional decline and help with future planning.

What is the definition of proprioception?

The sense of where body parts are and what they are doing.

What is interoception?

Awareness of internal needs, such as hunger or thirst.

What is the importance of advocacy in dementia care?

To improve education, quality of care, and reduce financial burdens.

What are some recommended actions to improve dementia care?

Advocate for better training, staffing ratios, and support for caregivers.

What is the relationship between diabetes and dementia?

Diabetes is a modifiable risk factor for developing dementia.

What is the significance of high C-reactive protein levels?

It indicates inflammation and is a risk factor for dementia.

What is the role of anti-amyloid treatments in dementia?

They are being researched for their effectiveness in treating dementia.

What is the impact of lower socioeconomic status on dementia risk?

It is a risk factor for developing dementia under age 65.

What is the effect of vitamin D deficiency on dementia risk?

It is associated with an increased risk of developing dementia.

What is the function of glutamate modulators in dementia treatment?

They help manage symptoms of dementia.

What is the significance of mental illness in relation to dementia?

It is a risk factor for developing dementia under age 65.

What is the importance of managing physical fitness and weight in dementia prevention?

They are modifiable risk factors that can reduce dementia risk.

What is the role of advocacy in improving dementia care facilities?

To ensure they are purpose-built with trained staff.

What is the relationship between falls and dementia?

Falls are a physical comorbidity associated with dementia.