Trauma, Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Related Disorders

PTSD

1. Directly experiencing the traumatic event\

2. Witnessing, in person

3. Learning that the traumatic event occurred to a close family member or close friend.

4. Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic ., first responders collecting human remains; police officers repeatedly exposed to details of child abuse).

• Dissociative reactions ; reexperiences the trauma flashbacks, nightmares, and intrusive thoughts;

• avoids reminders of the trauma;

• hyper- vigilance and chronic arousal; are always on guard for the traumatic event

• more than 1 month

acute stress disorder

similar to those involved in PTSD and last no longer than 4 weeks.

derealization

(experiencing the world as unreal or dreamlike)

depersonalization

(feeling detached from one's body or mental processes)

diagnosis of PTSD requires the presence of… symptoms

four types of symptoms

PTSD with promi- nent dissociative

people with PTSD, dissociative symptoms are especially prominent and persistent

adjustment disorder

depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and/or antisocial behaviors) that arise within 3 months of the experience of a stressor.

do not meet the criteria for a diagnosis of PTSD, acute stress disorder, or an anxiety or mood disorder re- sulting from stressful experience.

People who experience more severe and longer-lasting traumas and are directly affected by a traumatic event are more prone to developing PTSD. F

true

differences in brain activity between people with PTSD

brain areas that regulate emotion, the fight-or-flight response, and memory, including the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex

esting levels of cortisol among people with PTSD…than people without ptsd

tend to be lower

overexposure of the brain to epinephrine, norepinephrine, and other neuro- chemicals may cause memories of the traumatic event to be

overconsolidated," or planted more firmly in memory

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
and Stress Management PTSD treatments

systematic desensitization ; identifies thoughts and situations that create anxiety, ranking them

Repeatedly and vividly imagining and describing the feared events

Biological Therapies PTSD

serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRis) and, to a lesser extent, the benzodiazepines

Specific phobias

are unreasonable or irrational fears of specific objects or situations

• always provokes immediate fear or anxiety.

• situation is actively avoided

• causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important

• The fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual danger

• Animal (e.g., spiders, insects, dogs).

• Natural environment (e.g., heights, storms, water).

• Blood-injection-injury (e.g., needles, invasive medical procedures); deceleration of heart rate and a drop in blood pressure.

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Agoraphobia

• fear places where they might have trouble escaping or getting help if they become anxious.

• panic-like symptoms or other incapacitating(melumpuhkan) symptoms

• pokoknya di semua tempat yang dia anggap ga nyaman ; gak cuma satu.

Situational specific phobia

spesifik ke satu situasi aja kayak airplanes, elevators, enclosed places. dan alasannya juga bukan karena tempatnya tapi bisa karna takut kejatuhan kayu, pesawat jatuh,

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)

• anxiety about one or more social situations

• In children, the anxiety must occur in peer settings

• individual fears that he or she will be negatively evaluated.

• concerned that he or she will be judged as anxious,

• takut banget di awasi oleh orang lain

• bisa kena panic attack pas distress.

Panic disorder.

concern is about the panic attacks themselves. ga jelas kenapa tb tb panik dan bukan karena spesifik reason kayak fobia, social anxiety

Panic disorder is not diagnosed if

the panic attacks are judged to be a direct physiological consequence of another medical condition, substance

nocturnal panic attack

unexpected panic attack

Anxiety disorder due to another medical condition.

medical conditions that can cause or be misdiagnosed as panic attacks include hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, pheo- chromocytoma, vestibular dysfunctions, seizure disorders, and cardiopulmonary con- ditions

panic disorder must be at least…

1 month dan ada ketakutan muncul panic attack lagi

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

• Recurrent and persistent thoughts,urges,or images thatare experienced,at some time during the disturbance, as intrusive and unwanted,

• attempts to ignore neutralize them with some other thought or action (i.e., by performing a compulsion

trichotillomania

the compulsive behavior is limited to hair pulling in the absence of obsessions.

body dysmorphic disorder,

the obsessions and compulsions are limited to concerns about physical appearance;