Anatomy Pt. 1

What does cephalic versus cranial mean?

• Cephalic: head

• Cranial: skull

What does antecubital versus antibrachial mean?

• Antecubital: front of elbow

• Antebrachial: forearm

What does pollex mean? Hallux?

• Pollex: thumb

• Hallux: big toe

What does femoral mean?

• Thigh

What does patella mean? Popliteal?

• Patella: front knee

• Popliteal: back of the knee

What is crural?

• Shin

What is dorsum?

• Top of foot/hand

What is sternal?

• Breastbone

What is umbilical?

• Navel

What is coxa?

• Hip

What is inguinal?

• Groin

What is orbital versus otic?

• Orbital/ocular: eyes

• Otic: ears

What is buccal?

• Cheek

What is mental?

• Chin

What is coronal/frontal plane?

• Separates front (anterior) and back (posterior)

What is transverse/cross sectional (plane)?

• Separates superior and inferior

What is the sagittal/median plane?

• Separates L and R

median: middle

lateral: on the sides

What is medial and lateral as directional terms?

• Medial: structures closer to midline of body

• Lateral: structures farther from midline

What is proximal and distal as a directional terms?

• Proximal: closer to point of attachment

• Distal: farther from point of attachment

What are the processes of the digestive system?

1. Ingestion: eating

2. Digestion: mechanical and chemical breakdown

3. Absorption: absorbs nutrients

4. Elimination

What is the function of the epiglottis?

• Flap that covers trachea to protect lungs

What is the function of the esophagus?

• Food passess: peristalsis used to create bolus

Posterior to larynx and trachea

What are the functions of the stomach?

• Mechanical: mixed with gastric juices (chyme)

• Chemical: HCl and pepsin mix

What is the function of pepsin?

• Enzyme that breaks down proteins and polypeptides

What is the function of pyloric sphincter?

• Muscle at the end of stomach that allows chyme into small intestine

What are the components of small intestine? Functions?

1. Duodenum: chemical breakdown of chyme

2. Jejunum: nutrients absorbed in blood

3. Ileum: absorption of vitamin B12

What does chyme pass through after the small intestine?

• Cecum

• Ileocecal valve

What is the primary function of the large intestine?

• Primary site for water absorption

What are the components of the large intestine?

1. Ascending colon

2. Transverse (longest)

3. Descending colon

What are the functions of the liver?

• Creates bite to help with breakdown lipids, stores glucose (glycogen)

largest internal organ

What are the functions of gallbladder?

• Stores bile produced by liver

What are the functions of pancreas?

• Produces pancreatic juices that neutralize stomach acid

secretes; insulin and glucagon

What is the function of gastrin?

• Stimulate glands to secrete HCl and pepsinogen for foods

What is the function chloecystokinin?

• Digests fats and proteins; stimulates gallbladder to release bile

What is the function of secretin?

• Regulates pH by inhibiting acid and stimulating bicarbonate

What is the function of bicarbonate? Where?

• Pancreas; neutralizes chyme and act as a buffer to maintain constant pH of blood

HCO3-

What is the function of insulin? Where is it located?

• Converts glucose to glycogen; moves to liver

located; pancreas

What is the function of glucagon? Where is it located?

• Stimulates glucose as glycogen —> glucose to blood

located; pancreas

What is the function of bile?

• Makes fats accessible to digestive enzymes

What is the function of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea?

• Pharynx: both food and air

• Larynx: voice box

• Trachea: windpipe

What is the difference between conducting and respiratory zone?

• Conducting: transports air outside to site of gas exchange

• Respiratory: gas exchange

What are the passage after from the right and left bronchus?

• Passage into lungs: Right and Left Bronchus

Primary bronchi —> Secondary bronchi —> tertiary bronchi —> bronchioles

What are the functions of bronchioles?

• Small branches that connects bronchi to alveoli

What are the functions of alveoli? What are the two types?

• Site of gas exchange

Type I: make up alveolar wall

Type II: release surfactant, reduce surface tension

During inspiration, what happens to the diaphragm and thoracic cavity?

• Diaphragm: contract, pushes down

• Thoracic cavity: volume increases

During expiration, what happens to the diaphragm and thoracic cavity?

• Diaphragm: relaxes, rises

• Thoracic cavity: volume decreases

What is occurs with hypoventilation? O2 and CO2?

• Slow breathing, pH acidic

O2 decrease = hypoxia

CO2 increases = hypercapnia

What occurs with hyperventilation? O2 and CO2?

• Fast breathing, pH basic

O2 increased: hyperoxia

CO2 decreased: hypocapnia

What type of transport occurs in gas exchange?

• Diffusion; passive transport

What is the concentration of O2 and CO2 in the gas exchange at the tissues?

• Blood: inc O2, dec CO2

• Tissues: dec. O2, inc. CO2

What is the concentration of O2 and CO2 in the gas exchange at the lungs?

• Blood: dec. O2, inc. CO2

• Alveolus: inc. O2, dec. CO2

What is an acid? What is the concentration of CO2?

• Higher H+ concentration makes solution acidic

Inc. CO2 = Inc. H+

What is tidal volume?

• Amount of air breathed in and out during a normal breath

What is residual volume?

• Air with CO2 that remains in alveoli after expiration

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

• Controls regulating CO2 levels and blood pH

DOES NOT REGULATE O2

What occurs to respiration when blood pH is low? High?

• Acidic; CO2 inc. — respiration inc.

• Basic; CO2 dec. — respiration dec.

Where do coronary arteries originate from? Function?

• Originate from aorta; delivers nutrients and O2 to heart

What do coronary veins originate from? Function?

• Deoxygenated blood returns to Right Atrium from coronary sinus

What is the buffer system? What substance is used?

• 85% CO2: used to maintain acid base or pH balance

What is deoxygenated blood flow?

1. Superior/Inferior vena cava

2. RIght Atrium

3. Tricuspid valve

4. Right ventricle

5. Pulmonic valve

6. Pulmonary Artery

7. Lungs

What is oxygenated blood flow?

1. Lungs

2. Pulmonary veins

3. Left atrium

4. Bicuspid/Mitral valve

5. Left ventricle

6. Aortic valve

7. Aorta

What is the interatrial septum? Defect?

• Between atrium; Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

What is systolic versus diastolic pressure? Lub or dub?

• Systolic: contraction of the heart, “lub”

• Diastolic: relaxation, “dub”

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

• Maintain homeostasis by regulating pH, temp, osmotic pressure

• Transports gases (CO2 and O2)

What are components of blood?

1. Plasma

2. Erythrocytes and leukocytes

3. Platelets

What is plasma made up of?

• Liquid portion 50%; lipids, salt, proteins (albumin and globuin)

What is the function of hemoglobin?

• Carried in RBCs; transports O2 and CO2

What is the electrical conduction pathway of the heart?

1. Sinoatrial (SA) node

2. Bachmann bundle

3. Internodal pathway

4. Atrioventricular (AV) node

5. Bundle of His

6. Purkinje fibers

What occurs in the sinoatrial node?

• Pacemakers starts electrical impulse and atrial contraction

located: Right Atrium

What occurs in Bachmann bundle?

• Carries signal from SA to left atrium

What occurs in internodal pathway?

• Anterior, middle, posterior pathways passing signal to AV node

What occurs in AV node?

• Secondary pacemaker; delays signal to allow atria to contract

What occurs to bundle of his?

• Only route between atria and ventricles

right and left branches

What occurs in the Purkinje fiber?

• Connects myocytes and initiate ventricular depolarization; contraction

What are the phases of electrocardiogram (ECG)?

1. P wave

2. QRS complex

3. T wave

What occurs in the P wave?

• Atrial depolarization, contraction

What occurs in QRS complex?

• Ventricular depolarization, contraction

atrial relaxation

What occurs in the T wave?

• Ventricular repolarization, relaxation

What occurs in heart attacks?

• The blood flow that delivers O2 is blocked or reduced

What occurs in stroke?

• The blood flow w/ O2 to the brain stops

What occurs in aneurysms?

• Bulge in the wall of an artery that can burst

What occurs in arrtythmias?

• Electrical signals that control heart beat are not functioning properly