self report methods (surveys, questionnaires and interviews)

What is involved in the survey method? When is it a good method to use?

Questionnaires and interviews

Using questions to survey the beliefs and experiences of other people

Best if u would like to collect participants opinions ideas and thoughts about themselves and the world around them

What happens first when a questionnaire is made?

A schedule is made which is a list of questions (either closed or opened)

What should be avoided in self reporting methods?

LEADING QUESTIONS

Like did you see the man with the gun? instead say

what did you see?

What are the strengths and weaknesses OF STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS

Quicker to run

Need less training

Easier to replicate and check test - test reliability - can easily hand out the same questionnaire again

SET LIST OF QUESTIONS - CANT ASK FOLLOW UP QUESTIONS

What happens in an unstructured interview

Hardest to run - need a lot of training

After a first question the rest of interview is follow up questions

What are strengths and weaknesses of unstructured interviews

Strengths

It increases level of qualitative data

Can explore unexpected topics

Can prompt ppt when lack of nderstandig

Weaknesses

Easy to not ask the right questions

To ask the right follow up questions you need to have high subject content knowledge and high expertise

Takes a long time to analyse the information collected

Therefore can be time consuming and expensive

Each ppt will answer uniquely (comparing results between ppt and other interviews difficult)

Higher chance that social desirability bias will influence the results as ppt will try to look gooof

What is a semi structured interview / clinical interviews

Have a schedule of questions and use unstructured follow up questions

Strengths and weaknesses of semi structured interviews

Strengths

Easier to compare answers between ppt because there is a schedule of questions at start

Weaknesses

Require a lot of training

What type of data does closed questions collect

Quantitative

What are different examples of closed questions

Simple yes or no

Section of different options or numerical answer

Tick or cross out o circle most suitable answer

What is a likert scale ?

A Statement and ppt must choose how much they agree on a scale (usually 1-5)

What is a strength and weakness of quantitate data

Strength

Closed question is that they produce quantitate data which can be easily analysed

Weakness

Ppt wh complete the questionnaire may have had to choose an answer they didnt really agree with

What is an open question

Asked own thought feelings or beliefs

No set answer r

Example of an open question

Please deserve how you feel about coronavirus

What is a strength and weakness of an open question

Strength

Provide more detail than closed questions

Allow ppt to say what they want

Weakness

Harder to analyse (include a wide range of beliefs opinions and feelings)

Take an exceptionally long time to analyse

Risk that researcher will bias the results through their own interpretations (Subjective)

What is a professional rapport?

Interviewer and ppt being comfortable

What are the strengths and weaknesses of questionanaires

Quick and cheap

Easier to analyse

Can be given to more ppt easily

Weaknesses

Can’t ask questions to check understanding

Can’t prompt the ppt if a question confuses them

Can’t ask follow up questions

What 3 things should a high quality question not hav

Should not be ambiguous

Should not be leading

Not be double barrelled (not have 2 questions)

If the data needs to be quickly analysed then what type of data shpul be done

Closed questions

What do u need to consider when making schedule of questions

Make sure ppt don’t get bored with length of questions (Might see screw you effect)

How can the validity of the questionnaire be assessed?

FACE VALIDITY - if they look like they are testing the right thing

Second check I CONCURRENT VALIDITY - compare new questions to an already existing questionnaire similar)

If new questions are valid you should get equivalent results to both questionnaire from each ppt ( if they do both)

How can you check the reliability of the test?

Give it to the same ppt twice (Test re test) if comparable results than its reliable (should be given again after some time)

SPLIT HALF - researcher asks pppt to answer questions. Then compares score/answers on first half to the scores/answers on 2nd)