Exam 2 Intro to Animal Science

female reproductive responsibilities

provide ____ ovum and release it at the ____ time

provide viable ovum and release it at the right time

female reproductive responsibilities

successfully _____

successfully conceive

female reproductive responsibilities

provide for the ____ during pregnancy

provide for the fetus during pregnancy

female reproductive responsibilities

successfully ____ fetus

successfully deliver fetus

female reproductive responsibilities

____ and ____ the newborn

accept and nourish the newborn

what is #1

Vulva: most outside part, as animal approaches estrus, the vulva will swell and be moist and red

what is #2

the vagina

what is #3

the cervix: a thick walled organ that forms the connection between the vagina nd the uterus. It protects the uterus from the external environment

what is #4

the uterine body: where semen is deposited at artificial insemination

what is #5

the uterine horn: three layers of muscle strongly vascularized. Under the influence of oxytocin and estrogen these muscles rhythmically contract to aid the transport of sperm into the oviducts

what is #6

the oviduct: where the eggs are

what is #7

the ovary

what is #8

bladder

what is #1

the ovary: produces oocytes and hormones throughout the Estes cycle. Hold multiple follicles and the corpus lutes and the site where previous ovulation took place.

what is #2

Infundibulum: on the open end of the oviduct, it surrounds the very and keeps eggs from falling into the body cavity

what is #3

Ampulla: part closest to the oviduct where the actual fertilization happens

what is #4

the Isthmus: holds spermatozoa as they mature in a process called capacitation

major structures of the female reproductive tract

ovary, oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina, external genitalia

the ovary

produce oocytes, estrogen, and progesterone

what is oocytes

a cell in. an ovary which may undergo meiotic division to form and ovum

parts of the ovary

what are follicles

blister-like structures, contain ovum; there is 4 types of follicles in the ovary

types of follicles

primordial follicles

most immature and are the smallest encountered in the ovarian cortex

types of follicles

primary follicle

what the primordial follicles develop into, more advanced. surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal epithelium

types of follicles

secondary follicle

two or more layers of follicle cells, without an antrum (cavity); also surrounded by a thick translucent layer called zonapellucida

types of follicles

tertiary follicle (developing antral follicle)

fluid (follicular fluid) filled cavity and can be observed with the naked eye because it is on the surface of the ovaries

folliculogenesis

process of when an immature follicle develop into more advanced follicles and become “candidates” for ovulation

parts of the ovary

corpus luteum

“yellow body” (yellow mass of cells), produces progesterone, is essential for establishing and maintaining pregnancy in females

progesterone

steroid hormone responsible for the decidualization of the endometrium and maintenance

parts of the ovary

corpus albicans

“white body,” it is the degenerating version of the corpus luteum, scar like structure, presence and function doesn’t contribute to fertility but indicates healthy reproductive system.

reproductive tract

oviduct

transport ova and sperm, site of fertilization and early cleavage safe environment for fertilization, transports egg to the central channel of the uterus

reproductive tract

uterus

assist in sperm transport, regulates corpus luteum, glandular secretions nourish embryo prior to placenta

types of uteri

duplex

two uterine horns each with separate cervical canal opening directly into the vagina

types of uteri

bicornuate

small uterine body and two long uterine horns. Upper parts of the uterus remain separate, but lower parts are fused into a single structure

types of uteri

bipartite

prominent uterine body and two uterine horns, share single cervix

types of uteri

simplex

pear shaped body with no uterine horns. Entire uterus is fused into a single organ

reproductive tract

cervix

facilitating sperm transport and prevents uterine contamination

reproductive tract

vagina

copulation organ and the birth canal

estrus

a noun: means standing heat (phase of sexual receptivity) and the act of ovulation (expulsion of ova)

estrous

adjective: the cycle of ovulation in females; used to describe things related to estrus like behaviors

estrous cycle

the period from one estrus to the next

the estrous cycle

the follicular phase: 20% of cycle, large antral follicles, estradiol is primary hormone

luteal phase: 80% of cycle, corpora lutea, progesterone is primary hormone

three type of estrous cyclicity

polyestrus, seasonally polystrus, monoestrus, and diestrus

polyestrus

animals that cycle continuously through the year if not pregnant

seasonally polyestrus

animals with seasonal variations in estrous cycle, continuously cycle during specific season

monoestrus

animals with one cycle per year

diestrus

animals with two cycles per year, one in the spring and one the fall

FSH hormone

comes from the brain, stimulated follicular growth in ovaries, stimulates estrogen secretion

LH hormone

comes fro the brain, surge causes ovulation, relsutls in formation of a corpus luteum

Estrogen hormone

comes from ovaries, thickens uterine lining, inhibits FSH and LH for most of cycle, stimulates release of FSH and LH release pre-ovulation

progesterone hormone

Gomes from ovaries, thicken uterine lining and inhibits FSH and LH

what does the mammary glad do

provides nutrition to offspring, source of passive immunity to offspring

the Mammary gland

what is colostrum

first milk, higher in protein, minerals, and milk fat, also extremely high immunoglobulin content

the mammary gland

what is the exocrine gland

produces secretions that pass into a system of ducts that leave the body

the mammary gland

what is the Alveoli

has milk secreting cells, storage of milk prior to it leaving; each alveolus has its own blood supply because the blood

why does each alveolus have its own blood supply?

The blood delivers the milk components and then the milk components are absorbed by the epithelial cells

gland cistern

where the milk is collected during milk letdown and then sucked through the teat

cow mammary gland

has 4 mammary glands and 4 teats

sheep/goats mammary glands

3 mammary glands, and 2 teats

mare mammary glands

4 mammary gland terminate into 2 teats

sow mammary glands

6- 20 mammary glands/teats (2 rows) (10-14 are functional)

mammary gland development

develops rapidly post-puberty, all the hormones help form the different parts

oxytocin

essential for milk let down and secreted from posterior pituitary

prolactin (PRL)

essential for milk production

growth hormone somatotropin

essential for lactation, supports synthesis of lactose protein and fat in mammary glands

Glucocorticoid (cortisol)

can reduce secretion and production

oxytocin release

if oxytocin is inhibited, there will be no milk let down

factors that inhibit oxytocin

pain, loud noises, stressful stimuli

what hormones MAINTAIN lactation

somatotropin, cortisol, prolactin, and oxytocin

world milk production

over 80% comes from dairy cows, buffalo and sheep % is increasing, goats is there but not much

composition of milk

88% water, 8.6% solids-not-fat (protein, lactose, and minerals), 3-4% milk fat

milk fat

3-4% of milk composition, homogenized, 48% of calories, has vitamins D,A,K,E, over 400 different fatty acids, and it provides the flavor.

carbohydrates in milk

Lactose takes up 4.8% of milk composition, milk is the only natural source of lactose

proteins in milk

38% of SNF, contains All amino acids required by humans, contains Casein

Casein

protein only found in milk, takes of 82% of the total milk protein

vitamins in milk

milk has all vitamins essential for humans, A,D,E, K (fat-soluble), C, and B (water soluble)

minerals in milk

rich source of calcium, good source of phosphorus and zinc, has only a little iron

reproductive technologies today

artificial insemination (AI), estrus synchronization, embryo transfer, sexed semen

Artificial Insemination in cows, sheep, and goats

semen deposited in uterine body

Artificial Insemination in pigs and horses

within the cervix

Artificial Insemination in poultry

into the oviduct

artificial imsemination

used to deposit stored semen directly into the family reproductive tract and can improve reproductive performance and genetic quality of livestock

heat detection aids

make it easier to identify females that are in standing heat

types of heat detection aids

gamer male, chin-ball markers, marking harness, heat detection patch, animal temperature, activity monitors, and tail chalking

Gomer/ Vasectomized Male

masectromized male animal who can still identify cows in heat but not breed them

animal behaviors when in heat

nervous/excited behavior, swelling of vulva, mounting, mucus discharge from vulva

semen collection

obtaining/collecting semen with the use of various methods

common techniques for collecting semen

the technique used depends on species and the male, techniques are the use of artificial vagina, digital manipulation, electroejaculation

artificial vagina

used to collect semen from many species (cattle and horses), the male is conscious, not afraid of people and wants to ejaculate

mounting surrogates

mounting dummies, easy to clean, minimize risk of injury, and minimize risk of disease transmission

estrus synchronization

controlling the Estrous cycle so females express estrus around the same time (used for AI or embryo transfer)

hormones used in estrous synchronization

lutalyse, estrumate, and prostamate (eliminates source of progesterone)

Embryo transfer benefits

can select donor female and donor male in recipient female, can evaluate quality of embryos

super ovulation

animal is ovulating super amount of egg cells than they normally would

reproduction

the process where animals produce offspring

reproductive process depends on

age, nutrition, post partum, males, length of day, parity

reproduction needs

tremendous coordination between the hypothalamus, pituitary glands, and the gonads

sexual reproduction

sperm and egg cell unite, needs two parents

sperm

male sex cell produced in the testes

egg (ovum)

female sex cell produced in the ovaries

asexual reproduction

occurs without interaction of cells or gametes. No mates required, no genes are being exchanged thought sex