Human Anatomy Exam 1

What is the difference between human anatomy and human physiology ?

Human Anatomy is the study of human body structure and relationship... Human physiology is the study of body functions.

Name the 3 subdivisions of Human Anatomy

1. Gross Anatomy

2. Microscopic Anatomy

3. Developmental Anatomy (Changes over time

Describe one of the subdivisions of human anatomy (Gross Anatomy)

It is the study of macroscopic body structures (do NOT need microscope)

Describe one of the subdivisions of human anatomy (Microscopic Anatomy)

Study of small body structures (Requires microscope)

What two things does microscopic anatomy involve , Describe the two.

cytology and histology ... Cytology is the study of cells which REQUIRE A MICROSCOPE.. Histology is the study of tissues that require microscope

Describe one of the subdivisions of human anatomy (Developmental Anatomy)

Concerned with changes in body structures over time.

Key Word: Changes or Changes In Body Structure

The effects of something.

List the levels of structural organizations (which increase in complexity) in ORDER **HINT**----> Chem-Ornel-Cell-Tis-Org-Orgsys-Orgnis.... **Remember the last three are O's and the first 3 are COC ...

1. Chemical

2. Organelles

3. Cell

4. Tissues

5. Organs

6. Organ System

7. Organism

What does chemical mean ?

Atoms and molecules

What are organelles ?

A part of cell performing several functions of a cell

What is a cell

Basic structural and functional unit of a living organism ... Key Words : Structural , living organisms

What are tissues

A group of similar cell that perform specific functions

What are organs

Composed of 2 or more types of tissues, tissues perform specific functions

What is a vital organ **Hint** an example of a vital organ is a heart.... Without the heart the body is nothing

Organ needed for survival

What is an Organ System

group of organs functioning together

Key Words: Group of organs

What is an organism

Me or My Patient

What are the axial body regions

head, neck, and trunk... Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

Appendicular

Arms, legs, pectoral girdle, legs, pelvic gridle

axial and appendicular body regions

Axial: (Head and Neck) Abdomen, buttocks, pelvis near thigh, bend of hip, lower back, area bw anus, area bw hipbones, armpit, ribs, breast, chest, breastbone,backbone.

Appendicular : (Upper extremity regions) forearm, arm , wrist , elbow, palm, knee to ankle, thigh, front of knee and back, foot and ankle

What are the Cavities of Axial Division

Posterior (dorsal) Cavity

Anterior (Ventral) Cavity

Diaphragm Muscle

Abdominal Cavity

Abdominal Cavity

Pelvic Brim

Pelvic Cavity

Where are the pleural cavities found ?

in thoracic cavity

About diaphragm muscle

separates thoracic cavity from abdominopelvic cavity

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Consists of abdominal and pelvic cavity

Abdominal Cavity

Cavity located between the diaphragm and pelvic brim

Pelvic Brim

Separates abdominal cavity from the pelvic cavity ... Crcular structure from sacral promitory too the symphysis pubis

Pelvic Cavity

Cavity below pelvic brim

Define Anatomical Position

There are 3 parts

1. Standing erect

2.Face is forward

3. Arms at the side, palms forward.

Name all 3 body sections

Saggital section

Transverse (horizontal) section

Frontal (coronal) section

Define saggital section

creates right and left portions, mid-saggital means exactly in the middle

Define Transverse secion

Creates superior and inferior parts

Define frontal section

Creates anterior and posterior parts

Name all anatomic directional terms

Superior

Inferior

Anterior

Posterior

Medial

Lateral

Proximal

Distal

Superficial

Deep

Define Superior

above, closer to the head

Inferior

below , farther from the head

Anterior

toward the front; closer to the front

Posterior

toward the back; closer to the back

Medial

closer to the midline

Lateral

Farther from the midline

Proximal

closer to pt. of attachment to the trunk

Distal

farther from pt. of attachment to the trunk

Superficial

Closer to the surface

(Example: Skin)

Deep

farther from the surface

(Example: skin)

9 Subdivisions of the abdominopelvic cavity

Umbilical region

Epigastric region

Hypogastric region

Right Iliac region

Left iliac region

Right lumbar region

Left lumbar region

Right hypochondriac region

Left hypochondriac region

Name the 4 quadrants

Lower Left Quadrant

Upper Left Quadrant

Lower Right Quadrant

Upper Right Quadrant

Define Homeostasis

The dynamic constancy of the internal environment of the body....

Break Down: Dynamic constancy of internal environment of body

What are the four general mechanisms for homeostasis ?

Set point

Sensor

Integrating Center

Effector

What is the set point ?

What the body is calling normal

What does the Sensor do

detects any change from normal

What does the integrating center do ?

Receive information from SENSOR and initiates processes that will set the body back to normal

Define Effector

Processes involved in returning the body back to the set point (normal)

What is feedback in Negative FeedBack Loop ?

Some type of molecule is going back to the beginning of the process

What is negative in Negative FeedBack Loop

Action of effector is to stop the negative process

What is the loop in Negative FeedBack Loop

The loop describes the circular nature of the change and adjustment

What defines an organic molecule

Molecules that contain atoms of carbon and hydrogen

What are some organic molecules unique to living systems

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)

What are the subdivisions of carbohydrates

1. Simple carbohydrate (sugars)

2. Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides (Starch, Glyogen, Fiber)

What are lipids

-Lipids can be hdrophobic or hydrophilic.... ---TRIGLYCERIDES (Oils and Fats)

-Fatty Acids

About phospholipids

Glycerol Molecule

2 fatty acids

Apart of phosphate group

About Protein

has peptide bond..

What are Simple Carbohydrates made of ?

Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

What is Triglycerides made up of?

-oils and fats

-Glycerol molecule Y

-3 carbon molecule

-3 fatty accids

What is a monosaccharide made up of ?

Single sugar molecule

What are disaccharides made up of

2 sugars attached to form one molecule

what are polysaccharides made u of ?

Long chain of simple sugars linked together.

What is in Polysaccharides

Starch

Glycogen

Fiber

What is a Nucleic Acid

A long chain of nucleotides

Key Word: Chain of nucleotides

Another name for Nucleic Acids is ??

Polynucleotides

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES AND COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES **TEST QUESTIONS**

Simple carbohydrates are sugars and

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates.

Simple carbohyrdates form one molecule while Complex carbohydrates is a long chain of simple sugars linked together.

Complex cabrohydrates include starch and fiber. .

Simple carbohydrate are SUGARS and complex carbohydrates is STARCH

Example of polysaccharides found in living systems

Starch (a polymer of glucose) is used as a storage polysaccharide in plants, being found in the form of both amylose and the branched amylopectin.

Are lipids polar or nonpolar ?

Most are nonpolar ,

Lipids are hydrophobic , T or F

True

What will hydrophilic resolve in ?

Dissolves in polar solutions

Hydrophobic dissolves in ?

Will not dissolve in water or polar solutions

Whats the difference between fats and oils ?

fats are typically solid at room temperature .

oils are liquid at room temperature

oils containing a greater proportion of unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature whereas those with higher amounts of saturated fatty acids will be solid.

Define Saturated

Saturated oil or fat

Only single bonds between carbon atoms maximum number of hydrogen atoms present

Define Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Unsaturated Oil or Fat

One or more double bonds present

Hydrogen molecules are lost, less than max #

What are Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ?

Fatty acids with one double bond present

Define Polyunsaturated fatty acids

Fatty acids with two or more double bonds present

What are Phospholipids make up ?

-Glycerol molecule

-2 fatty acids

-Phosphate Group

Why do Phospholipids stand out from most lipids

The phospholipid are apart of the phosphate group .

Phospholipids are structured to interact with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules.

What is the structure of the sterol nucleus

One, 5 carbon ring attached to three, 6 carbon rings.

A sterol nucleus is hydrophobic (nonpolar)

What molecular building block are proteins made of ?

amino acids

What type of bond holds the building blocks together ?

peptide bond

What is the general structure of an amino acid ?

1. Amino Group

2. Carboxylic acid group

3. one functional group

How many amino acids are there ?

20 and they are all different

How many types of linkage are there, Name them.

there are 5

1.Dipeptide

2. Tripeptide

3. Oligopeptide

4.Polypeptide

5.Proteins

Define Dipeptide

a chain of 2 amino acids

Define Tripeptide

A chain of 3 amino acids

Define Oligopeptide

Composed of 4 to 10 amino acids

Define Polypeptide

Composed of 10 to 60 amino acids

Define proteins

more than 50 amino acids.

Where are proteins made in the cells

At the organelles called ribosomes

Define Primary structure

(First Shape)

composing a polypeptide chain

Define Secondary Structure

(Second Shape)

hydrogen bonds form

cause the protein to twist and fold

How many types of secondary structures are there ?

Alpha Helix and Beta Pleated Sheet

Define Tertiary Structure

(Third Shape)

third shape of protein is caused by functional groups reacting w water and surrounding function groups,

Define Quaternary Structure

(Fourth Shape)

Protein only move shape if one funtional protein consist of two or more polypeptides working together.

What molecular building block are nucleic acids made of ?

Polynucelotides

What is the composition of nucleotide

5 carbon sugar

phosphate group

nitrogenous base

What are the two types of nucelic acids ?

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Deoyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Sugars in DNA

Deoxyribose sugar