Nervous system

Motor Output

function of the brain; a response to integrated stimuli; activated muscles/glands to perform actions

Cerebrum

largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory

Neuron

a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell

Grey Matter

a portion of the cerebrum containing cell bodies with dendrites; outer layer of the brain

White Matter

myelinated axons

Myelin

a fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmision of nerve impulses

Limbic System

brain system; associated with emotions and motivations

Amygdala

limbic system component linked to pleasure and fear responses such as phobias and PTSD

Hippocampus

a brain center located in the limbic system; helps process memories for storage

Diencephalon

is made up of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus; “interbrain”

Thalamus

relay station/switchboard of the brain; transfers sensory information to the correct part of the brain for processing

Hypothalamus

regulates homeostasis; is the bodies thermostat

Pituitary Gland

attached to the hypothalamus; releases hormones that affect growth, sexual development, metabolism, and reproduction

Epithalamus

involved in olfactory senses and sleep/wake cycle

Corpus Callosum

a broad band of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain

Brainstem

the oldest part and central core of the brain, responsible for autonomic survival functions; primitive rat brain

Midbrain

a small part of the brain above the pons that integrates auditory and visual information and relays it upward toward the cerebrum and cerebellum

Medulla Oblongata

part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion

Meninges

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

Cerebellum

a large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills; balance and coordination

Dura Mater

outer layer of the meninges, tough and thick

Meningitis

inflammation of the meninges

Concussion

a bruise like injury of the brain

Stroke

damage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply

Hemorrhage

bleeding from ruptured blood vessels

Aneurysm

ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall

Central Nervous System

consists of the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

a part of the nervous system consisting of all nerves not part of the brain and spinal cord

Afferent Neurons

sending sensory information towards the brain

Efferent Neurons

nerve cells that conduct impulses away from the brain

Somatic Nervous System

voluntary control of the bodies skeletal muscles

Autonomic Nervous System

controls involuntary activity of abdominal muscles and internal organs and glands

Sympathetic Nervous System

brain control triggering “fight or flight” response

Parasympathetic Nervous System

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy (restores homeostasis after “fight or flight response)

Homeostasis

process where organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

Synapse

a junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next

Synaptic Cleft

gap between adjacent neurons

Neurotransmitter

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

Serotonin

affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal; undersupply linked to depression

Dopamine

a neurotransmitter that regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal

Homunculus

an artistic representation of regions of the body in the brain and he amont of sensory information for each region

Gyri

ridges of the brain

Sulci

shallow grooves of the brain

Longitudinal Fissure

separates left and right hemispheres of the brain

Transverse Fissure

separates cerebrum from cerebellum

Lateral Fissure

separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes

Frontal Lobe

part of cerebrum associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving

Parietal Lobe

portion of the cerebrum that receives sensory input for touch and body position

Occipital Lobe

a region of the cerebrum that processes visual information

Temporal Lobe

a region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language

Olfactory

the nerve that carries smell impulses from the nose to the brain; CN I; SENSORY

Optic

the nerve that carries impulses from the retina to the brain; CN II; SENSORY

Occulomotor

nerve allows movement of eye for tracking, dilating pupil and raising eyelid; CN III, MOTOR

Trochlear

controls eye movement specifically looking down and towards a midline; CN IV, MOTOR

Trigeminal

allows for pain and touch from the face, controls muscles for mastication (chewing); CN V, SENSORY/MOTOR (mixed)

Abducens

controls lateral eye movement; CN VI, MOTOR

Facial Nerve

controls muscles of facial expression, carries sensation of taste, transmits sensations of touch and pain from ear; CN VII, MOTOR/SENSORY (mixed)

Vestibulocochlear/Acoustic

hearing and balance sensation relayed to the brain; CN VIII, SENSORY

Glossopharyngeal

taste sensations, pain from tongue and tonsils, helps to swallow; CN IX, SENSORY/MOTOR (mixed)

Vagus

cranial nerve that innervates digestive organs, heart and other areas; CN X, SENSORY/MOTOR (mixed)

Spinal Accessory

controls movement in the head, neck, and shoulders; CN XI, MOTOR

Hypoglossal

allows the tongue to move, helps in speech, and moving food to back of the mouth for swallowing; CN XII, MOTOR

Parietal Lobe

name the pink region

Brainstem

name the bottom blue region

Frontal Lobe

name the large teal region

Occipital Lobe

name the green region

Temporal Lobe

name the yellow region

Cerebellum

name the red/orange region

Pons

“bridge” of the brainstem, where nerve cross to opposite sides

Thalamus

name the top beige region

Midbrain

name the purple region

Pons

name the blue region

Medulla Oblongata

name the region below the blue section