Motor Output
function of the brain; a response to integrated stimuli; activated muscles/glands to perform actions
Cerebrum
largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory
Neuron
a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell
Grey Matter
a portion of the cerebrum containing cell bodies with dendrites; outer layer of the brain
White Matter
myelinated axons
Myelin
a fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmision of nerve impulses
Limbic System
brain system; associated with emotions and motivations
Amygdala
limbic system component linked to pleasure and fear responses such as phobias and PTSD
Hippocampus
a brain center located in the limbic system; helps process memories for storage
Diencephalon
is made up of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus; “interbrain”
Thalamus
relay station/switchboard of the brain; transfers sensory information to the correct part of the brain for processing
Hypothalamus
regulates homeostasis; is the bodies thermostat
Pituitary Gland
attached to the hypothalamus; releases hormones that affect growth, sexual development, metabolism, and reproduction
Epithalamus
involved in olfactory senses and sleep/wake cycle
Corpus Callosum
a broad band of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain
Brainstem
the oldest part and central core of the brain, responsible for autonomic survival functions; primitive rat brain
Midbrain
a small part of the brain above the pons that integrates auditory and visual information and relays it upward toward the cerebrum and cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion
Meninges
three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
Cerebellum
a large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills; balance and coordination
Dura Mater
outer layer of the meninges, tough and thick
Meningitis
inflammation of the meninges
Concussion
a bruise like injury of the brain
Stroke
damage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply
Hemorrhage
bleeding from ruptured blood vessels
Aneurysm
ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall
Central Nervous System
consists of the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
a part of the nervous system consisting of all nerves not part of the brain and spinal cord
Afferent Neurons
sending sensory information towards the brain
Efferent Neurons
nerve cells that conduct impulses away from the brain
Somatic Nervous System
voluntary control of the bodies skeletal muscles
Autonomic Nervous System
controls involuntary activity of abdominal muscles and internal organs and glands
Sympathetic Nervous System
brain control triggering “fight or flight” response
Parasympathetic Nervous System
the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy (restores homeostasis after “fight or flight response)
Homeostasis
process where organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
Synapse
a junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next
Synaptic Cleft
gap between adjacent neurons
Neurotransmitter
chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons
Serotonin
affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal; undersupply linked to depression
Dopamine
a neurotransmitter that regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal
Homunculus
an artistic representation of regions of the body in the brain and he amont of sensory information for each region
Gyri
ridges of the brain
Sulci
shallow grooves of the brain
Longitudinal Fissure
separates left and right hemispheres of the brain
Transverse Fissure
separates cerebrum from cerebellum
Lateral Fissure
separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes
Frontal Lobe
part of cerebrum associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving
Parietal Lobe
portion of the cerebrum that receives sensory input for touch and body position
Occipital Lobe
a region of the cerebrum that processes visual information
Temporal Lobe
a region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language
Olfactory
the nerve that carries smell impulses from the nose to the brain; CN I; SENSORY
Optic
the nerve that carries impulses from the retina to the brain; CN II; SENSORY
Occulomotor
nerve allows movement of eye for tracking, dilating pupil and raising eyelid; CN III, MOTOR
Trochlear
controls eye movement specifically looking down and towards a midline; CN IV, MOTOR
Trigeminal
allows for pain and touch from the face, controls muscles for mastication (chewing); CN V, SENSORY/MOTOR (mixed)
Abducens
controls lateral eye movement; CN VI, MOTOR
Facial Nerve
controls muscles of facial expression, carries sensation of taste, transmits sensations of touch and pain from ear; CN VII, MOTOR/SENSORY (mixed)
Vestibulocochlear/Acoustic
hearing and balance sensation relayed to the brain; CN VIII, SENSORY
Glossopharyngeal
taste sensations, pain from tongue and tonsils, helps to swallow; CN IX, SENSORY/MOTOR (mixed)
Vagus
cranial nerve that innervates digestive organs, heart and other areas; CN X, SENSORY/MOTOR (mixed)
Spinal Accessory
controls movement in the head, neck, and shoulders; CN XI, MOTOR
Hypoglossal
allows the tongue to move, helps in speech, and moving food to back of the mouth for swallowing; CN XII, MOTOR
Parietal Lobe
name the pink region
Brainstem
name the bottom blue region
Frontal Lobe
name the large teal region
Occipital Lobe
name the green region
Temporal Lobe
name the yellow region
Cerebellum
name the red/orange region
Pons
“bridge” of the brainstem, where nerve cross to opposite sides
Thalamus
name the top beige region
Midbrain
name the purple region
Pons
name the blue region
Medulla Oblongata
name the region below the blue section