Industrial Revolution

What was the primary economic theory that measured wealth by trade and emphasized exports over imports?

Mercantilism

Who is the economist associated with the concepts of supply and demand?

Adam Smith

What did the Law of Competition state regarding market behavior?

Competition leads to better goods and lower prices.

What economic system is characterized by minimal government involvement and competition?

Laissez-faire

What is the term for the process of alternating crops to restore soil nutrients?

Crop Rotation

What was a significant agricultural invention by Jethro Tull that helped increase crop yields?

Seed Drill

What was the effect of the Enclosure Movement on small farmers?

Many small farmers were forced off their land.

What was the first major attempt to improve factory conditions in Britain?

Factory Act of 1833

What is the term for the practice of workers negotiating as a group with employers?

Collective bargaining

Which process improved the quality of steel and enabled its mass production?

Bessemer Process

What did the term 'proletariat' refer to in Marxist theory?

The working class.

Who invented the Flying Shuttle, which sped up the weaving process in the textile industry?

John Kay

What was the working and living condition in tenements during the Industrial Revolution?

Overcrowded and poorly maintained apartments.

What invention by Eli Whitney quickly removed seeds from raw cotton?

Cotton Gin

What social class grew significantly during the Industrial Revolution, specifically mentioned in the notes?

Middle class

What describes the increased movement of people from rural areas to cities during the Industrial Revolution?

Rapid urbanization

What significant change occurred in factory work during the Industrial Revolution regarding workers' hours?

Fixed work hours.