BIOLOGY LAB MIDTERM REVIEW PT. 2

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108 Terms

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osmosis

The flow of water across a selectively permeable membrane

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diffusion

the movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration

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isotonic

Cells retain their normal size (same solute/water concentration)

<p>Cells retain their normal size (same solute/water concentration)</p>
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hypertonic

Cells lose water by osmosis and shrink (crenation)

<p>Cells lose water by osmosis and shrink (crenation)</p>
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hypotonic

Cells take on water by osmosis until they become bloated and burst (lyse)

<p>Cells take on water by osmosis until they become bloated and burst (lyse)</p>
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passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

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active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

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water and iodine

Which substances was the dialysis tubing used in lab permeable to?

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starch

Which substances was the dialysis tubing used in the lab Impermeable to?

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simple squamos epithelium

found in airsacs of lungs

<p>found in airsacs of lungs</p>
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simple cuboidal epithelium

found in kidney tubules

<p>found in kidney tubules</p>
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simple columnar epithelium

found in the gallbladder and digestive tract

<p>found in the gallbladder and digestive tract</p>
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stratified squamous epithelium

found in the linings of esophagus, mouth and vagina

<p>found in the linings of esophagus, mouth and vagina</p>
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stratified cuboidal epithelium

found in sweat, salivary and mammary glands

<p>found in sweat, salivary and mammary glands</p>
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stratified columnar epithelium

found in male urethra

<p>found in male urethra</p>
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transitional epithelium

found in ureters, urethra and urinary bladder

<p>found in ureters, urethra and urinary bladder</p>
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pseudostratified columnar epithelium

found in the trachea and sperm-carrying ducts

<p>found in the trachea and sperm-carrying ducts</p>
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connective osseous tissue

found in bones

<p>found in bones</p>
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blood

found within blood vessels

<p>found within blood vessels</p>
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loose connective tissue, adipose

found around kidneys, eyeballs and breasts

<p>found around kidneys, eyeballs and breasts</p>
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loose connective tissue, areolar

found under epithelia of body (packages organs)

<p>found under epithelia of body (packages organs)</p>
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loose connective tissue, reticular

found in lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen

<p>found in lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen</p>
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Cartilage: Hyaline

cover ends of long bones, nose, trachea and larynx

<p>cover ends of long bones, nose, trachea and larynx</p>
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elastic cartilage

supports the external ear; epiglottis

<p>supports the external ear; epiglottis</p>
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fibrocartilage

found in intervertebral discs and knee joint

<p>found in intervertebral discs and knee joint</p>
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dense regular connective tissue

found in tendons and ligaments

<p>found in tendons and ligaments</p>
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dense irregular conncetive tissue

found in dermis of skin and submucosa of digestive tract

<p>found in dermis of skin and submucosa of digestive tract</p>
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Embryonic Connective Tissue: Mesenchyme

found in embryo

<p>found in embryo</p>
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skeletal muscle

found in skeletal muscles attached to bones

<p>found in skeletal muscles attached to bones</p>
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cardiac muscle

found in the walls of the heart

<p>found in the walls of the heart</p>
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smooth muscle

found in the walls of hollow organs

<p>found in the walls of hollow organs</p>
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nervous tissue, neurons

found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves

<p>found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves</p>
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Neuroglia

found in the nervous sytem

<p>found in the nervous sytem</p>
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Keratinocytes

produce keratin fibrils that give the epidermis durability and protection

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melanocytes

produce the brown to-black pigment called melanin that protects from ultraviolet radiation

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Langerhans cells (dendritic cells)

They ingest foreign substances and play a key role in activating the immune response

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Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells)

form sensitive touch receptors located at the epidermal-dermal junction

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Epidermis

Outer layer of skin

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Dermis

Inner layer of skin (papillary layer and reticular layer)

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papillary layer

produces fingertips and heat, pain and touch receptors found here

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reticular layer

contains sweat and sebaceous glands, and pressure receptors

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Hypodermis (superficial fascia)

the layer of skin beneath the dermis, which serves as a storage repository for fat

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Stratum corneum (horny layer)

outermost layer consisting of 20-30 layers of dead, scalelike keratinocytes. Theyre constantly being exfoliated and replaced by the division of the deeper cells

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Stratum lucidum (clear layer)

Present only in thick skin. A very thin transparent band of flattened, dead keratinocytes with indistinct boundaries

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stratum granulosum (granular layer)

thin layer named for the abundant granules its cells contain: lamellar granules, keratohyaline granules.

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stratum spinosum (spiny layer)

Several layers of cells that contain thick, weblike bundles of intermediate filaments made of a pre-keratin protein

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stratum basale (basal layer)

-Deepest epidermal layer firmly attached to the dermis

single row of stems

-also called stratum germinative: cells undergo rapid division

-journey from basal layer to surface- takes 25-45 layers

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hair follicle

<p></p>
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eccrine sweat gland

<p></p>
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arrector pili muscle

<p></p>
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Sebaceous (oil) glands

<p></p>
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hair root

<p></p>
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lamellar corpuscle

<p></p>
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tactile corpuscles

<p></p>
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free nerve endings

<p></p>
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pore

<p></p>
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Adipose (hypodermis)

<p></p>
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artery

red in skin model

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vein

blue in skin model

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accessory organs of the skin

hair, nails, and cutaneous glands

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5 functions of the skeletal system

protects & supports the body, lever for skeletal muscles, store lipids & minerals, blood cell formation

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hyaline cartilage

Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose

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elastic cartilage

cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage. found in external ear and epiglottis

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Fibrocartilage

Pads between vertebrae that are shock absorbers, found in intervertebral discs, and knee & hip joints

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How many bones are in the adult skeleton?

206

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compact bone

dense and made up of organizational units called osteons, looks dense and homogeneous

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spongy (cancellous) bone

composed of small trabeculae (columns) of bone and lots of open space, found in the long bones

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long bones

bones that are longer than they are wide, consist of a shaft with heads at either ends, mostly compact bone. arms and legs

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short bones

cube shaped, more spongy bone than compact bone, wrist and ankles

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flat bones

thin & curved, with two waferlike layers of compact bone sandwiching a thicker layer of spongy bone between them

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irregular bones

bones of the vertebrae and face, dont fall under long, short or flat categories

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sesamoid bones

special types of short bones formed within tendons (kneecaps)

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wormian (sutural) bones

tiny bones between cranial bones

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ramus

armlike bar of bone

<p>armlike bar of bone</p>
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fossa

Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

<p>Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface</p>
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tubercle

Small rounded projection or process

<p>Small rounded projection or process</p>
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Epicondyle

Raised area on or above a condyle

<p>Raised area on or above a condyle</p>
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meatus

Canal-like passageway

<p>Canal-like passageway</p>
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tuberosity

Large rounded projection; may be roughened

<p>Large rounded projection; may be roughened</p>
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spine

Sharp, slender, often pointed projection

<p>Sharp, slender, often pointed projection</p>
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groove

furrow

<p>furrow</p>
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Condyle

Rounded articular projection

<p>Rounded articular projection</p>
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crest

Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

<p>Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent</p>
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head

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

<p>Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck</p>
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foramen

Round or oval opening through a bone

<p>Round or oval opening through a bone</p>
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trochanter

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process

<p>Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process</p>
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fissure

Narrow, slitlike opening

<p>Narrow, slitlike opening</p>
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Diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

<p>shaft of a long bone</p>
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Endosteum

membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone (A in the picture)

<p>membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone (A in the picture)</p>
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Epiphysis

End of a long bone

<p>End of a long bone</p>
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epiphyseal line

smooth line between parts of spongy bone

<p>smooth line between parts of spongy bone</p>
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epiphyseal plate

cartilaginous area at the ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes place in the immature skeleton

<p>cartilaginous area at the ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes place in the immature skeleton</p>
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medullary cavity

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow

<p>cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow</p>
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Perforating (Sharpey's) fibers

hundreds of connective tissue fibers that secure the periosteum to the underlying bone (M in picture)

<p>hundreds of connective tissue fibers that secure the periosteum to the underlying bone (M in picture)</p>
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Osteoblasts

bone forming cells

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osteoclasts

Bone-destroying cells

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Periosteum

A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones

<p>A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones</p>
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red bone marrow

found in cancellous bone

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yellow bone marrow

fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones

<p>fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones</p>
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trabeculae

supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone

<p>supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone</p>