BIOLOGY LAB MIDTERM REVIEW PT. 2

osmosis

The flow of water across a selectively permeable membrane

diffusion

the movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration

isotonic

Cells retain their normal size (same solute/water concentration)

hypertonic

Cells lose water by osmosis and shrink (crenation)

hypotonic

Cells take on water by osmosis until they become bloated and burst (lyse)

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

water and iodine

Which substances was the dialysis tubing used in lab permeable to?

starch

Which substances was the dialysis tubing used in the lab Impermeable to?

simple squamos epithelium

found in airsacs of lungs

simple cuboidal epithelium

found in kidney tubules

simple columnar epithelium

found in the gallbladder and digestive tract

stratified squamous epithelium

found in the linings of esophagus, mouth and vagina

stratified cuboidal epithelium

found in sweat, salivary and mammary glands

stratified columnar epithelium

found in male urethra

transitional epithelium

found in ureters, urethra and urinary bladder

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

found in the trachea and sperm-carrying ducts

connective osseous tissue

found in bones

blood

found within blood vessels

loose connective tissue, adipose

found around kidneys, eyeballs and breasts

loose connective tissue, areolar

found under epithelia of body (packages organs)

loose connective tissue, reticular

found in lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen

Cartilage: Hyaline

cover ends of long bones, nose, trachea and larynx

elastic cartilage

supports the external ear; epiglottis

fibrocartilage

found in intervertebral discs and knee joint

dense regular connective tissue

found in tendons and ligaments

dense irregular conncetive tissue

found in dermis of skin and submucosa of digestive tract

Embryonic Connective Tissue: Mesenchyme

found in embryo

skeletal muscle

found in skeletal muscles attached to bones

cardiac muscle

found in the walls of the heart

smooth muscle

found in the walls of hollow organs

nervous tissue, neurons

found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Neuroglia

found in the nervous sytem

Keratinocytes

produce keratin fibrils that give the epidermis durability and protection

melanocytes

produce the brown to-black pigment called melanin that protects from ultraviolet radiation

Langerhans cells (dendritic cells)

They ingest foreign substances and play a key role in activating the immune response

Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells)

form sensitive touch receptors located at the epidermal-dermal junction

Epidermis

Outer layer of skin

Dermis

Inner layer of skin (papillary layer and reticular layer)

papillary layer

produces fingertips and heat, pain and touch receptors found here

reticular layer

contains sweat and sebaceous glands, and pressure receptors

Hypodermis (superficial fascia)

the layer of skin beneath the dermis, which serves as a storage repository for fat

Stratum corneum (horny layer)

outermost layer consisting of 20-30 layers of dead, scalelike keratinocytes. Theyre constantly being exfoliated and replaced by the division of the deeper cells

Stratum lucidum (clear layer)

Present only in thick skin. A very thin transparent band of flattened, dead keratinocytes with indistinct boundaries

stratum granulosum (granular layer)

thin layer named for the abundant granules its cells contain: lamellar granules, keratohyaline granules.

stratum spinosum (spiny layer)

Several layers of cells that contain thick, weblike bundles of intermediate filaments made of a pre-keratin protein

stratum basale (basal layer)

-Deepest epidermal layer firmly attached to the dermis

single row of stems

-also called stratum germinative: cells undergo rapid division

-journey from basal layer to surface- takes 25-45 layers

hair follicle

eccrine sweat gland

arrector pili muscle

Sebaceous (oil) glands

hair root

lamellar corpuscle

tactile corpuscles

free nerve endings

pore

Adipose (hypodermis)

artery

red in skin model

vein

blue in skin model

accessory organs of the skin

hair, nails, and cutaneous glands

5 functions of the skeletal system

protects & supports the body, lever for skeletal muscles, store lipids & minerals, blood cell formation

hyaline cartilage

Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose

elastic cartilage

cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage. found in external ear and epiglottis

Fibrocartilage

Pads between vertebrae that are shock absorbers, found in intervertebral discs, and knee & hip joints

How many bones are in the adult skeleton?

206

compact bone

dense and made up of organizational units called osteons, looks dense and homogeneous

spongy (cancellous) bone

composed of small trabeculae (columns) of bone and lots of open space, found in the long bones

long bones

bones that are longer than they are wide, consist of a shaft with heads at either ends, mostly compact bone. arms and legs

short bones

cube shaped, more spongy bone than compact bone, wrist and ankles

flat bones

thin & curved, with two waferlike layers of compact bone sandwiching a thicker layer of spongy bone between them

irregular bones

bones of the vertebrae and face, dont fall under long, short or flat categories

sesamoid bones

special types of short bones formed within tendons (kneecaps)

wormian (sutural) bones

tiny bones between cranial bones

ramus

armlike bar of bone

fossa

Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

tubercle

Small rounded projection or process

Epicondyle

Raised area on or above a condyle

meatus

Canal-like passageway

tuberosity

Large rounded projection; may be roughened

spine

Sharp, slender, often pointed projection

groove

furrow

Condyle

Rounded articular projection

crest

Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

head

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

foramen

Round or oval opening through a bone

trochanter

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process

fissure

Narrow, slitlike opening

Diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

Endosteum

membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone (A in the picture)

Epiphysis

End of a long bone

epiphyseal line

smooth line between parts of spongy bone

epiphyseal plate

cartilaginous area at the ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes place in the immature skeleton

medullary cavity

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow

Perforating (Sharpey's) fibers

hundreds of connective tissue fibers that secure the periosteum to the underlying bone (M in picture)

Osteoblasts

bone forming cells

osteoclasts

Bone-destroying cells

Periosteum

A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones

red bone marrow

found in cancellous bone

yellow bone marrow

fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones

trabeculae

supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone