Fundamental particles and electron configuration

What are the three fundamental particles of an atom?

Proton, neutron, and electron.

Where are protons and neutrons located in an atom?

In the nucleus.

What is the relative mass and charge of a proton?

Relative mass: 1, Charge: +1.

What is the relative mass and charge of a neutron?

Relative mass: 1, Charge: 0.

What is the relative mass and charge of an electron?

Relative mass: 1/1840, Charge: -1.

What does the atomic number (Z) represent?

The number of protons in the nucleus.

How is the mass number (A) defined?

The total number of protons and neutrons in the atom.

What is the relative atomic mass definition

Average mass of an elements atoms compared to one-twelfth the mass of a single carbon-12 atom

How do you calculate the number of neutrons in an atom?

Number of neutrons = A - Z.

What are isotopes?

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Explain why isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties

Chemical properties depend on the amount of electrons

Isotopes of an element have the same electronic configuration

What is the purpose of a mass spectrometer?

To determine the isotopes present in a sample and identify elements.

How is the relative atomic mass (R.A.M) calculated?

R.A.M = Σ(isotopic mass x % abundance) / 100.

What is the significance of the peak with the largest m/z in a mass spectrum?

It corresponds to the molecular ion, representing the relative molecular mass (Mr) of the molecule.

What is the Bohr model of the atom?

An early model with electrons in spherical orbits around the nucleus.

What are the principal energy levels in an atom?

Numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, with 1 being closest to the nucleus.

What are the sub-levels of electron arrangement?

s (holds 2), p (holds 6), d (holds 10), f (holds 14) electrons.

What is the role of the Avogadro constant in calculating atomic mass?

It is used to convert the mass of an isotope to the mass of a single ion.

How do mass spectrometers help in planetary exploration?

They identify elements on other planets by measuring isotopic compositions.

What is the order of filling sub-shells in atomic structure?

1s → 2s → 2p → 3s → 3p → 4s → 3d → 4p → 5s → 4d → 5p

What shape do s sublevels have?

Spherical

What shape do p sublevels have?

Dumbbell-shaped

What does an arrow represent in a spin diagram?

One electron

What is the rule for filling orbitals with electrons?

Fill each orbital singly before pairing up electrons.

What defines an s block element?

An element whose outer electron is filling an s sub-shell.

What defines a p block element?

An element whose outer electron is filling a p sub-shell.

What defines a d block element?

An element whose outer electron is filling a d sub-shell.

Why does first ionization energy generally increase across a period?

Electrons are added to the same shell, increasing nuclear charge without increasing shielding.

What is the electronic structure of chromium?

1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s¹ 3d⁵

d block elements forming ions

lose 4s electrons first

What is the electronic structure of copper?

1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s¹ 3d¹⁰