Advanced Bio- genetics test

Dominant

an allele that is always expressed

Recessive

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

Genetics

the study of how individuals inherit characteristics from their parents

Genotype

the genetic makeup of an organism (letters)

Phenotype

the physical appearance of the organism as a result of its genotype

Heredity

the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring

Heterozygous

having two different alleles for a trait

Homozygous

having two identical alleles for a particular gene

Incomplete dominance

occurs when two or more alleles influence the phenotype

Codominance

neither is allele is dominant nor recessive

Probability

the likelihood that a specific event will occur

Monohybrid Punnett Square

cross between individuals that involve one pair of contrasting traits (4 squares)

Dihybrid Punnet Square

cross between individuals that involve a pair of contrasting traits (16 squares)

Test Cross

used to determine the genotype of an unknown parent

Sex-linked traits

traits that are inherited with sex chromosomes

Sex-influenced traits

the presence of male and female hormones that influence the expression of certain traits

Pedigree

a family record that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations

paired factors separate during the formation of reproductive cells

what is the law of segregation?

Gregor Mendel

who is the father of genetics?

Pea plants

what kind of plants did Mendel study?

Factors for different characteristics are distributed to gametes independently

what is the law of independent assortment?

Gene

segment of DNA

Allele

variant of a gene

Complete Dominance

the dominant allele completely masks the recessive allele

XX

female sex chromosomes

XY

male sex chromosomes

Examples of sex-linked traits

color blindness, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy

Examples of sex influenced traits

male pattern baldness

their mom

A male inherits and X-linked trait from...

Polygenic Traits

skin color, hair color, height, eye color

Poly

many

(A) blood type can be

IA IA or IA i

(B) blood type can be

IB IB or IB i

(o) blood type can be

ii

(AB) blood type can be

IA IB

Diploid

2 sets of chromosomes (46 chromosomes)

Haploid

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes (23 chromosomes)

Mitosis divides

one time

Meiosis divides

two times

Filial

of or like a son or daughter

shaded boxes in a pedigree represent

carrying the trait

squares in a pedigree

males

circles in a pedigree

females

Know phenotype vs genotype ratios (this isn't a question I'm just reminding you, answer with the smile)

:)