A.C. 3.2 - Describe the contribution of agencies in achieving social control

what are the 2 ways in which built environments can effect the level of crime?

• influencing potential offenders

• affecting peoples ability to exercise control over their surroundings

what does Oscar Newman argue?

argues that some spaces are defensive and some are indefensive

what are indefensive spaces?

• space where crime is most likely to occur

• “confused” areas - anonymous walkways

• doesn’t belong to anyone or observed by anyone

What are defensible spaces?

• crime less likely to occur

• clear boundaries on whose allowed there

what are the 4 reasons as to why defensible spaces have low crime?

• territoriality ( ownership)

• Natural Surveillance (easy view of entrances or houses)

• impression of safe neighborhood

• a safe location

what did C.R Jeffrey develop

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)

whats the main aim of CPTED

argued that the built environment can create or deny opportunities for crime and by altering it can reduce crime

What was Alice Coleman’s study

• Supports CPTED

• STUDIED 4,099 flat blocks and found poor designs produce higher crime rates

What does Alice Coleman recommend to reduce crime

• no overhead walkways to obstruct surveillance

• blocks of flat shouldn’t be built

• each block should have its own garden

what is an example of CPTED

Gated Lanes

what are gated lanes

lockable gates installed to prevent offenders gaining access to alleyways

what are gated lanes used for

• stop burglaries

• prevent fly-tipping

• stop anti social behaviors

• safe place for children

what are the limitations of gated lanes

• don’t work on criminals who live within gate

• in neighborhoods where they don’t trust each other, wont come together to install gate

• difficulties installing gates

• restrict access for emergency services

what are the 3 right realist theories that link with CPTED

• situational crime prevention

• Felson’s routine activity theory

• Rational choice theory

whats Situational Crime Prevention

target hardening by changing the physical environment to make it harder to commit a crime

Felson’s Routine Activity Theory

empasises the importance of a capable guardian protecting potential crime targets

whats rational choice theory

sees offenders acting rationally when trying to commit a crime weighing the pros and cons

what are some criticisms of CPTED

• too much emphasis on crime occuring outside, can occur within home (Domestic Violence)

• ignores non- physical crime (Fraud, cyber crime)

• an areas reputation rather than design can reate high crime rates

Whose designed the Ponaticon

Foucalt

how does the ponacticon work?

the prisoner’s cells are visible to the guard from central viewing but the prisoners cant see the guard and cant see if they are being watched

what theory does the ponacticon link to?

Surveillance theory

what are behaviorual tactics

agencies seek to change individuals behaviour to make them conform to social norms and laws

2 examples of behavioural tactics

• ASBOs

• Token economies

who introduced ASBOs

Tony Blair’s new Labour gov

what was ASBOs initially meant to deal with

deal with low level anti social behavior such as vandalism, public drunkness

what were ASBOs

a civil order which used to restrain a person from commiting actions which threatened the legal right of another

what happens if your breach ASBOs conditons

turns into criminal offence where can be punishable by upto 5 years in prison

what did labelling theory argue about ASBOs

• argued that labelling a person as criminal can lead to self fulfilling prophecy, where they internalise label and live upto it

• believes it becomes a badge of honour for some

what did the Anti social behaviour, crime and policing Act 2014 replace ASBOs with?

• Civil Injunctions

• Criminal Behaviour Orders

what are civil injunctions

aim to deal with low level nuisance

what are Criminal Behaviour Orders

deal with seriously anti social individuals who may distress others

can last upto 2 years

how many years in prison can an adult get for breaching a civil injunction

2 years

how many years in prison can a under 18 get for breaching a civil injunction

3 months in detention

how many years in prison can an adult get for breaching a CBO

5 years

how many years in prison can a under 18 get for breaching a CBO

2 years in detention

what are the negative requirements of CBOs

forbids a person from doing something - going to certain places, seeing certain people

what are the positive requirments of CBO

require a person to do something positive to improve their behavior - require them to join a drug treatment programme

who invented token economies

B.F. SKINNER ‘s operant learning theory

idea of operant learning theory

behaviour that results in a reward is repeated but if it results in consequences then its not repeated

how do token economies work

• prison makes a list of desired behaviours

• if prisoners act accordingly then they earn a token

• can exchange token for reward

what did Hobbs and Holt’s study find?

• conducted study of 125 boys aged 12-15 in correctional institutes and found behaviour change lasted throughout 14th month study

critisicms of token economies

• once offender leaves prison, reinforcement stops and return back

• make prisoners more manageable in prison which suit institution rather than rehab

what are institutional tactics?

ways different institutions uses methods to reduce deviant behavior and achieve social control

what role do the courts play in enforcing social control?

can sentence offenders to various punishments

what conditions may be placed in individuals to aim to tackle reoffending?

use Community Order to require offenders to rehabilitate

what role do probation service play in enforcing social control?

they supervise and monitor the behaviour of offender when serving community sentence or released on bail

example of prison rule

• escaping from prison

• using drugs or alcohol

• damaging property

• not listening to staff

• hurting someone else

what are some consequences if prison rules are breeched

• loss of earned privilages

• solitary confinement

• not receiving money when working

what is phased disicipline

a way of trying to achieve social control where first offences are often dealt with more leniently and if repeated then then cause stronger sanctions

what are the reasons for why social control cant always be reached?

• Resources

• new technology

• unreported crime

• existing laws

how does resources limit social control reached?

• funding of state control agencies come from taxes paid by public and so there is a limit on how much tax payers are willing to pay

what was the police budget cut by between 2010 and 2018

19%

led to a fall of 20,000 in police

what was the CPS budget cut by between 2010 and 2018

cut by a quarter

what was the prisons budget cut by between 2010 and 2018

fell by 16%

how does new technology limit social control reached?

CJS unable to cope with huge amounts of data being generated by technology

how has new technolgy lead to a fall in rape and sexual offence charges

checking mobile phones for evidence has lead to failures to disclose evidence

how does unreported crime limit social control reached?

CJS cant investigate, prosecute and convit offenders if its not reported

what % of crimes are reported

40%

what might stop an individual reporting a crime

• fear

• dont know if it crime

• stigma

what crimes are likely to go unreported

• domestic violence

• rape

• white collar crime

how can existing law limit social control

social control can only be achieved if there are appropriate laws are in place

what is the purpose of the online safety bill and what are its objectives

requires social media outlets to remove hate crimes

what are the potential challenges or critisicms of the online safety bill?

• threats to freedom of expression

• - concerns over free speech

• impact on public intrest platforms