Period 5

AP NOT HONORS

Manifest Destiny

• Americans loved moving west, and a newspaper gave this feeling the name “manifest destiny”

• God given right/purpose to move west and they were meant to have a coast-to-coast nation

Reasons for moving west

• Minerals/natural resources

• GOLD!!!!!!!!!!!!

• New economic/homestead opportunities (homestead act)

• Religious refuge (Mormons)

James K. Polk

• Elected in 1844

• Big believer in Manifest Destiny

• Wanted Texas and Oregon

Growing Tensions in Texas

• More Americans than Mexicans in Texas, and most Americans were slaveowners

• Requirements made by Mexico to immigrate to Texas was:

  • Be Catholic

  • No slavery

• Americans didn’t follow this

• Mexico shut down border, but Americans kept coming

• Americans/Texans declared Texas independent

Alamo and Aftermath

• Mexico killed every American in this battle, wanting to put down rebellion

• Americans captured Mexican general and made him sign a peace treaty saying Texas had independence

• Mex. gov. said that generals can’t sign treaties, but Texas didn’t care about that

• Texas was independent, but Mexico didn’t care, and Texas kept on getting denied for statehood

Oregon Territory

• Both Americans and British claimed that land

• British said it was theirs because of the fur trade industry, and they had been there longer

• Americans said it was ours because we wanted it and had been moving into it

• President Tyler made a deal about Oregon and annexed Texas

CAUSES of Mexican American War

• Texas had declared independence from Mexico, and President Tyler annexed/let it join the United States

• We provoked Mexico at the border, making them shoot at us, and Polk declared war

EFFECTS of Mexican American War

• Lots of land for USA

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

  • Rio Grande was southern border of Texas

  • Mexican Session - we got New Mexico and California for 15 million

• Mexico gave more than half it’s land to the United States

• Mexicans and Natives faced discrimination in the new territory and segregation

Slave/fee states (Mex-Amer War)

• Wilmot Proviso said territory gained from Mex Amer war would NOT become slave states

• People wanted small farmers to have a place without competition from elite planted (they weren’t abolitionists)

• This was the first round in the fight that would lead to the civil war

Southern Position on Slavery

• Constitutional Right

• Slavery was already decided in Missouri Compromise - this was their guarantee they would have slavery

Free Soil Movement

• Northern Democrats and Whigs

• Wanted new territories to be only for free laborers

• No slavery in new territories - didn’t want to ban slavery, just didn’t want it to spread

• Some thought this because they didn’t want any black people in the region, some were abolitionists, some didn’t want economic competition

Popular Sovereignty

• The power is the hands of the people - they decide on slavery for themselves

• This increased tensions

• New Mexico and California were entered as free states, and the south lost it’s marbles

• Before this, there was a 50:50 balance of free to slave states in senate, which meant nothing banning slavery could be passed

• This disrupted that and increased tension

Henry Clay

• Proposed Compromise of 1850

• Mexican Cession was divided into Utah and New Mexico and practiced popular sovereignty

• California was free state

• Slave trade banned in DC

• Stricter fugitive slave law

• Calmed issue, but fugitive slave law made abolitionists mad

Immigration

• Euro immigrants, mostly Irish (New York) and German (West to find land), were coming to the US

• Settled in cultural enclaves (ethnic communities that let them keep their culture)

• Lived in slums, which had horrible conditions

Nativists

• Against new immigrants and Catholics

• Wanted to protect nonimmigrants over immigrants

• Didn’t view Irish as white

• Know Nothing party had nativist views and was very anti-Catholic

Slavery

• Northern economy made by paid workers in factories

• Southern economy made by slaves working on plantations

• North was growing faster than south

• North rejected slavery on political grounds - they said that if slave states were the majority of congress, they wouldn’t get a say

Abolitionist movement

• Wanted to ban slavery everywhere

• Small in numbers, but made a lot of change by:

  • Using words to show others how bad slavery was (The Liberator (newspaper) Uncle Tom’s Cabin)

  • Spoken word (Frederick Douglass gave amazing speeches)

  • Helping slaves escape (underground railroad)

John Brown

• Believed that the only way for slaves to be free was an uprising in the south

• His plan fell apart, and South saw this as North plotting against them (another thing that increased tensions)

Kansas Nebraska Act

• 1854

• Douglas said that territory out west was divided into Kansas and Nebraska, and people decided on slavery by popular sovereignty

• This overturned Compromise of 1820 (36 30 line) and made North mad

Bleeding Kansas

• Violence between pro and anti-slavery people

• In 1855, the election to decide on slavery happened - there were 1500 eligible voters in the area

• 6000 votes were counted - people illegally came from Missouri (slave state) to vote

• Neither side wanted to concede, so two gov. were set up

• Prez Pierce recognized pro slavery gov but not anti slavery gov

• Overall, westward expansion, slavery and everything was making people lose their minds

Dred Scott Decision

• Supreme Court decision

• Scott, a slave, was taken by his master from Missouri (slave state) t a free state

• Scott sued his master, saying since he lived in a free state for two years, he was free

• The court ruled against him saying,

  • Scott was a slave, not citizen, and could not sue in federal court

  • Constitution says gov. cannot deprive man of property - man could bring property anywhere - everywhere = slave state (slaves were property)

POLITICS!!!!!!!!!!!!!

• Increasing tension on slavery RUINED political parties

• Whig party became two factions: conscience and cotton whigs (guess which is pro slavery you’re smart)

• Democratic was a regional pro slavery party and gaining strength

• Republican party formed in 1854 and had free soilers, conscience whigs…very diverse

  • DID NOT argue for abolition, just didn’t want slavery to spread

Election of 1860

• Did well in midterms before 1860 presidential election, which made south nervous

• Democrats nominated Douglas, creator of Kansas-Nebraska act

• Lincoln ran with free soil platform - wanted to stop slavery from moving into new territories

• Lincoln WAS NOT AN ABOLITIONIST

• Lincoln won 40% of popular vote (he won I really hope you knew that) and said expansion of slavery was done

Democratic Factions

• NOT UNIFIED

• Northerners: Douglas, wanted popular sovereignty

• Southerners: Breckinridge, wanted slavery in new territories protected by federal law, and new states that entered would decide by popular sovereignty

Secession

• Right before Lincoln’s inauguration, SC seceded from union on December 20th, 1860

• More and more states seceded, and became the Confederate States of America

Confederate States of America

• Limited federal power

• Slavery = never abolished

• South seceded because of states’ rights and slavery

• Jefferson Davis was president

• According to South…SLAVERY MUST BE PROTECTED WITHOUT END

Southern Advantages

• Defensive war - was able to stay put and fight off north

• Better and more experienced military leaders

Northern Advantages

• 4x population of south

• Robust navy - control of waterways, rivers, etc

• Economic advantage: controlled banks, manufacturing, railroads, etc.

• Well established central gov

Overall Civil War things

• A lot of money and blood for both sides

• Northern manufacturers made products for soldiers

• Draft riots

• South raised money from tariffs

• South tried to collect taxes, but because it founded itself on states’ rights, people refused (backfired)

Draft Riots

• If a man got drafted, he could pay $300 to get out of it

• Made poor people mad, because you had to be right to survive

• 120 people died in riots

• Opposition to war on home front

Fort Sumter

• Lincoln did not want to start a war over secession

• Fort Sumter was federally owned, but in Confederate territory

• South cut off supply lines to fort, so Lincoln sent federal aid to fort

• South fired at supplies, which set off war

• April 12th, 1861

First Battle of Bull Run

• 30k Union went to confront Confederates at Bull Run Creek, and crushed south

• South crushed North back

• This dispelled any thought of this being a quick and easy war

• 1861

Anaconda Plan

• Union’s plan

• North leaning on naval advantages and cutting south in half via the Mississippi river

• BRUTE FORCE

Southern “Strategy”

• Relied on Britain and France for help - both countries relied on southern cotton

• Both countries got cotton from different countries (India and Egypt) and had just abolished slavery, so didn’t want slave produced cotton

Results of Civil War

• Union had better strategy/leadership/battle wins

• Southern infrastructure was obliterated

• Rise of union generals that didn’t retreat made the tide turn

Emancipation Proclamation

• 1862

• Freed slaves in states rebelling against Union (confederacy)

• Border states that were the side of the Union were not emancipates

• This document was for military purposes, not freedom

• Some slaves in confederacy escaped, while some joined Union army

• Battle of Vicksburg (union gaining control of Mississippi river), Union burning Atlanta and destroying crops led to end of war (1863)

• Confederates officially surrendered in 1865 in a courthouse

Gettysburg Address

• Further shifted civil war goals to slavery

• One of the best speeches ever

• Meant to unify union

• Showed getting rid of slavery was what we should do as a democracy

• Given at the dedication of a cemetery

After Civil War

• People were asking what should be done with former confederate soldiers

• Lincoln said treating south harshly would only lead to more tension

Ten Percent Plan

• Lincoln said south could have its own gov. if 10% of electorate was loyal to Union and they ratified the 13th amendment

• LOW BAR and let south save face, but Lincoln was assassinated before this could happen

• Johnson became president and stood by while south recreated slavery

Black Codes

• Restricted Freedoms for black people in south

• Black people had to work for low wages

Radical Republicans

• Didn’t like how lenient Johnson was with South and how he let south carry out segregation

• Wanted Reconstruction led by congress

• Made Freedman’s Bureau, which helped freedmen get on their feet

• Made Civil Rights act of 1866 - black people had citizenship and equal protection

• Johnson vetoed both, but congress overrode THAT and passed both laws

• Congress passed 14th amendment

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

• Mad sure all laws passed were enforced

• South was divided into 5 military districts for North to babysit

• Increased requirements for South to rejoin union - had to have more voting rights and ratify 14th amendment

Tenure of Office Act of 1867

• Illegal for president to fire cabinet member without congressional approval

• Johnson fired cabinet member without approval and was impeached

• After trial, he was not removed from office

• Pretty much powerless to direct reconstruction

Women’s Rights

• Women got mad 15th amendment didn’t include them

• National Women’s Suffrage Association fought for women’s voting rights

• Americans’ women’s suffrage association said suffrage should be focused on at a state level

• NWSA said nah to 15th Amendment

• AWSA said ayeee to 15th amendment

Southern Society after War

• Black people adjusted to new freedom

• Black colleges and schools were made

• Black men were elected to congress

Sharecropping

• South still needed people to work field despite 13th amendment

• Black people worked on fields and signed contract saying they were bound to the farm

• Basically slavery

• Mellowed down into people being given materials and having to give a share of the crop to the owner

• White people fell victim to system

Ku Klux Klan

• White supremacists made the KKK, a secret society

• They terrorized black people, controlled local police, burned buildings, and lynched people

Black Codes

• Black people couldn’t borrow money to rent lands

• Couldn’t testify against white people in court

• Promoted segregation

End of Reconstruction

• Everything that happened so far happened with North occupying South

• Ended because Election of 1876

• Tilden won popular vote, but neither Hayes of Tilden won electoral college

• A commitee of mostly republicans gave the win to hayes, a republican

• Compromise of 1877 was when south let hayes win if north left south

• They did, which left black people even more vulnerable