CONSCIENCE HELPFUL

What is the relationship between conscience and guilt according to Aquinas?

Conscience is our ability to judge our actions, and when we recognize wrongdoing, it causes feelings of guilt.

What are real goods and apparent goods in Aquinas' ethics?

Real goods align with our nature's true goal, while apparent goods are actions that seem good due to faulty reasoning but do not align with true moral principles.

How does Aquinas reconcile faith and reason in understanding morality?

Aquinas believes that human reason can lead to knowledge of natural moral law, supporting faith without negating the need for divine revelation.

What is conscientia in Aquinas' Natural Law?

Conscientia is the process of applying primary precepts to specific situations or actions, leading to the formation of secondary precepts.

How does Aquinas view the role of reason in ethics?

Aquinas views ethics as the use of reason to discover natural law and align actions to fulfill the purpose of glorifying God.

How does Aquinas define conscience?

Conscience is the rational faculty that helps individuals understand and apply God's natural moral law.

What is the significance of invincible ignorance in Aquinas' moral theory?

Invincible ignorance refers to circumstances where a person could not have known better, and actions taken under such conditions are not considered sinful.

What are the primary precepts according to Aquinas?

The primary precepts include worshiping God, living in an orderly society, reproducing, educating, protecting and preserving human life, and defending the innocent.

What is the impact of original sin on moral understanding according to Aquinas?

Original sin affects moral understanding by leading to errors in conscientia and making it difficult to consistently choose good.

What is the significance of the Golden Rule across cultures?

The Golden Rule, which suggests treating others as one would like to be treated, appears in various cultures, indicating a shared moral understanding.

What are the stages of Freud's psychosexual development?

Freud's stages include oral, anal, phallic, latency, and mature genital, each characterized by key developmental tasks and potential issues.

What does Aquinas assert about the importance of the primary precepts?

Aquinas asserts that the primary precepts represent the fundamental orientations of human nature toward the good.

Define synderesis in the context of Aquinas' ethics.

Synderesis is the power of the human soul that enables reason to discover the foundational first principles of God's natural moral law.

How does Aquinas address the fallibility of human reason?

Aquinas acknowledges that human reason is fallible, leading to potential mistakes in applying moral principles to situations.

What is the distinction between heteronomous and autonomous morality in Piaget's theory?

Heteronomous morality is based on authority and punishment, while autonomous morality involves abstract cognitive beliefs about right and wrong.

How does Aquinas view the relationship between ethics and fulfilling one's telos?

Aquinas views ethics as aligning one's actions with natural law to fulfill the purpose (telos) of glorifying God.

What is the role of the Super Ego in Freud's psychological theory

The Super Ego stores values and moral feelings that are introjected from authority figures during childhood, influencing moral behavior.

How does Tillich defend the possibility of discovering natural law?

Tillich argues that even a weak or misled conscience can still reflect an awareness of the natural moral law and humanity's fallen state.

What are secondary precepts?

Secondary precepts are specific moral judgments derived from applying primary precepts to particular situations.

How does Karl Barth critique Aquinas' natural law theory?

Barth argues that relying on human reason to know God's morality is misguided, emphasizing that revelation is necessary for understanding right and wrong.

What is the critique of Aquinas' view of human nature?

Critics argue that Aquinas' optimistic view of human nature fails to account for the prevalence of evil acts and cultural practices like slavery and Nazism.

What does Aquinas argue about the nature of conscience?

Aquinas argues that the conscience is integral to applying knowledge of natural moral law to moral actions.

What is the synderesis rule?

The synderesis rule states that the good is what all things seek as their end or goal (telos).

What is the principle of law according to Aquinas?

The principle of law states that good must be done and evil avoided.

What distinguishes vincible ignorance from invincible ignorance?

Vincible ignorance involves circumstances where a person could have known better and is thus culpable for their actions.

What are the consequences of moral actions resulting from vincible ignorance?

Actions taken under vincible ignorance are considered sinful because individuals should have known better.

What is the impact of cultural differences on moral beliefs according to descriptive moral relativism?

Descriptive moral relativism recognizes that different cultures have vastly different moral beliefs, challenging the notion of a universal innate moral law.

What is the relationship between conscience and societal norms according to Freud?

Freud suggests that conscience is shaped by societal expectations and authority figures rather than being an inherent voice of God.

What are the implications of acting against one's conscience?

Acting against one's conscience is considered sinful, as it involves choosing to do what one believes to be evil.

How does Aquinas define the function of conscience?

Conscience serves to witness, bind, incite, and judge actions as well done or ill done.

What does Aquinas claim about the mistakes made in conscientia?

Mistakes in conscientia occur when individuals incorrectly apply primary precepts to moral situations, leading to errors in judgment.

What is the ethical implication of Freud's view on conscience?

Freud argues that conscience is shaped by societal expectations rather than a divine voice, making it a potentially unreliable moral guide.

What is the significance of the phallic stage in Freud's psychosexual development?

The phallic stage, occurring from ages 3 to 6, is crucial for the development of gender identity and the emergence of the Oedipus and Electra complexes.

How does Freud propose society should approach moral rules?

Freud suggests that society should recognize moral rules as tools for maintaining order rather than as absolute decrees from a divine authority.

What is the role of conscience in moral decision

making according to Aquinas?

What does Aquinas mean by 'Conscience'?

Aquinas defines conscience as the application of reason to moral law, guiding individuals in making ethical decisions.

What are the ethical implications of Freud's argument that morality may be societal conditioning?

If morality is merely societal conditioning, then conceptions of good and bad become subjective and susceptible to cultural variations.

What is Piaget's concept of heteronomous morality?

Heteronomous morality is the moral understanding of children before age 11, where they judge actions based on authority figures rather than understanding consequences.

What does Aquinas argue about the relationship between faith and reason?

Aquinas asserts that reason can support faith by understanding natural law without making revealed theology unnecessary.

What is the difference between vincible and invincible ignorance?

Vincible ignorance is when a person could have known better and is accountable for their actions, while invincible ignorance is when a person cannot be blamed for their lack of knowledge.

How does Freud view the development of consciousness in relation to societal change?

Freud posits that consciousness developed as humans transitioned from hunter

What is the 'mature genital stage' in Freud's psychosexual development?

The mature genital stage lasts from puberty until death, characterized by controlled sexual desires and a fully developed conscience.

What is the significance of the 'Golden Rule' in cross

cultural morality?

What is the Oedipus complex according to Freud?

The Oedipus complex is a child's unconscious desire for the opposite

What is the significance of the latency stage in Freud's theory?

The latency stage, occurring from ages 6 to puberty, is when sexual desires are repressed and children learn gender roles.

What is the 'synderesis' rule in Aquinas' ethics?

The synderesis rule states that good is what all things seek as their end or goal, reflecting an inherent orientation towards the good.

How does Tillich defend Aquinas against Barth's critique?

Tillich argues that Barth was overly negative in denying the ability of reason to discover aspects of natural law.

What is the relationship between conscience and guilt according to Aquinas?

Conscience can lead to feelings of guilt when one recognizes they have acted against their moral understanding.

What is the impact of original sin on human understanding according to Aquinas?

Original sin clouds human reason, leading to errors in moral judgment and the application of natural law.

What is the critique of Aquinas' optimism regarding human nature?

Critics argue that the existence of immoral actions challenges the notion of an inherent positive orientation towards the good in human nature.

What is Aquinas' Natural Law?

Aquinas' Natural Law is the theory that God has embedded a moral law within human nature that can be understood through reason.

How does Freud view religion in relation to instinct control?

Freud sees religion as a strategy for controlling human instincts, not as a true reflection of reality.

How does Aquinas address the fallibility of human reason?

Aquinas acknowledges that human reason is fallible due to original sin and unvirtuous habits, which can lead to mistakes in moral judgments.

What does Aquinas propose about moral actions and their alignment with natural law?

Aquinas believes that moral actions should align with natural law, which reflects God's design for human flourishing.

What is the role of reason in Aquinas' ethics?

Reason is used to discover and apply God's natural law, enabling individuals to act in accordance with their telos.

What does Aquinas believe about the flexibility of moral law

Aquinas argues that while moral laws are grounded in natural law, their application can be flexible to accommodate specific circumstances.

What is the primary critique of Freud’s theories by Karl Popper?

Karl Popper criticized Freud for his theories being unfalsifiable, meaning they could not be tested or proven wrong.

What is Freud's theory of psychosexual development?

Freud's theory posits that personality develops through a series of stages, each characterized by a focus on different erogenous zones.

Define Freud’s Id, Ego, and Super Ego.

The Id represents unconscious desires, the Ego is the conscious decision