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Simile
Comparing using "like" or "as"
Direct metaphor
Direct comparison
Indirect metaphor
Implied comparison
Personification
Giving human traits to non-human things
Alliteration
Repetition of initial sounds
Metonymy
Substituting a related term
Synecdoche
Using a part to represent the whole
Anaphora
Repetition at the beginning
Epistrophe
Repetition at the end
Rhetorical question
Question not needing an answer
Idiom
Expression not literal
Paradox
Contradictory statement
Oxymoron
Two contradictory terms
Antithesis
Contrasting ideas in parallel structure
Chiasmus
Reversing the order in parallel phrases
Allegory
Symbolic narrative usual with political messages
Fable
Short story with moral lesson usually with animals
Symbol
Representing something else
Binary
Two contrasting parts
Extended metaphor
Sustained comparison throughout a poem or story
Limited narrator
Limited perspective
Omniscient narrator
All-knowing perspective
First-person
Narrator as "I"
Second-person
Narrator as "you"
Third-person
Narrator as "he/she/they"
Satire
Using humor to criticize
Hyperbole
Exaggeration
Caricature
Exaggerated portrayal
Burlesque
Mocking imitation
Malapropism
Humorous misuse of words
Parody
Imitating for comic effect
Incongruity
Lack of harmony
Anachronism
Out-of-time element
Meiosis
Understatement
Passive voice
Subject acted upon Predicate before subject
Verbal irony
Saying one thing but meaning the opposite
Dramatic irony
Audience knows something characters don't
Situational irony
Outcome is different from what was expected
Socratic irony
Pretending ignorance to expose flaws in others' arguments
Active voice
Subject performs the action
Gothic
Horror, dark, grim
Romanticism
movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.
Epistolary
Story told through letters
Frame device
A story within a story
Foil
Character contrasts with another to highlight qualities
Memoir
Personal account of experiences
Dynamic character
Changes throughout the story
Static character
Remains the same
Nonlinear timeline
Events presented out of chronological order
Unreliable narrator
Questionable credibility
Biblical allusion
Reference to the Bible or religious text
Classical allusion
Reference to ancient Greek or Roman culture
Historical allusion
Reference to historical events
Literary allusion
Reference to another literary work
Diction
Word choice
Rhetoric
Persuasive language
Logos
Appeal to logic
Ethos
Appeal to ethics
Pathos
Appeal to emotions
Syntax
Sentence structure
Bandwagon
Following the majority
Scapegoating
Blaming a person or group for problems
Slippery slope
Assuming one event will lead to a series of negative events
Appeal to authority
Using authority figures to support an argument
Foreshadowing
Hinting at future events