Personality Psychology Final

What does the distinction between sex and gender logically imply?

Biological males can adopt stereotypically female roles and behaviors and vice versa.

What is the origin of most sex differences?

A complex interplay of biology and social factors

Keith is a little boy who is just becoming aware that he is male. What is the term for what he is experiencing?

Gender Identity

The most common chromosomal pattern for males is __________.

XY

Dr. Kravitz argues that most sex differences in personality and sexuality are due to fundamental differences in reproductive strategies and the reproductive costs incurred by women and men. Which theoretical perspective is Dr. Kravitz most likely to adopt?

Evolutionary psychology

Some cross-cultural studies find __________ sex differences in countries that have greater degrees of gender equality compared to countries with more traditional gender divisions.

Larger

How should most sex differences in personality traits be characterized?

Most differences are small to moderate in size

Compared to men, women tend to score __________ in neuroticism and agreeableness and __________ in extraversion.

Higher; slightly higher

Based on scores on the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ), a person who scored low in femininity and low in masculinity would have a(n) __________ gender personality type.

Undifferentiated

What general conclusion applies to the hobbies and interests of women and men?

Women are more interested in people; men are more interested in things.

What attitude is prevalent in individualistic societies?

Both females and males can do male things, but only females are supposed to do female things.

About __________ of females score higher than the average male in general self-esteem.

43%

Which facet of self-esteem tends to show a larger sex difference than the others?

Appearance self-esteem

What assumption did Lewis Terman and Catherine Cox Miles make in their assessment of masculinity and femininity, and how was that corrected in later measures?

They assumed that masculinity and femininity were on one scale. Later measured revealed that they're on two different scales.

Sex Differences in Aggression

d=.60, men are four times more likely to be arrested for violent crimes and 9 more times more likely to be arrested for murder

Why can WEIRD research participants be problematic?

Their behaviors and experiences are likely to be unrepresentative of human beings overall.

How do parent-child interactions in the United States differ from those in many Asian countries?

American parents tend to ask children their preferences, whereas Asian parents tend to make decisions for their children.

The presence of large land mammals led Europeans toward an agricultural culture based on domestication of wildlife, rather than a hunting and gathering culture. This is an example of a cultural difference based on __________.

Geography

Residents of the small country of Ruritania adopted the slogan, “Put your own needs before the needs of others.”" Over time this saying caught on, such that successive generations of Ruritanians became more individualistic than their forebears. This cultural change is an example of __________.

Mutual constitution

Socialist countries tend to look out for the welfare of all their citizens, valuing the needs of the whole above the needs of the one. Which cultural system is this philosophy aligned with?

Collectivism

Which cultural outlook would emphasize putting personal goals ahead of group goals?

Individualism

How are the dimensions of social class, income level, and education level combined into a single cultural measure?

These dimensions, when combined, represent socioeconomic status

Where were most personality questionnaires developed?

The United States

An explanation for behavior focusing on the surrounding situation a person is in is known as __________ attribution.

External

What does the term relational mobility refer to?

The ease with which a person can move in and out of relationships

When answering questions on a personality test, Francisco thinks about other men he knows and compares himself to them. What is Francisco relying on?

Reference-group effect

Why are perceptions of national character sometimes more accurate than self-reports from members of that culture?

Perceptions of national character are based on a broader cultural viewpoint than are self-reports.

What does WERID stand for?

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic Societies

Artifacts of a culture, such as television shows are referred to as __________. 

Cultural Products

The __________ shows us how culture shapes individuals and individuals shape culture. 

Mutual Constitution Model

Throughout his youth, Raj was told he’s unique and special and to “believe in yourself and anything is possible.” He has also seen many movies supporting this theory. Now a young adult, Raj is known to be somewhat narcissistic and his life goal is to become rich. What does this example help to illustrate? 

How cultural norms and beliefs might help shape personality and values

Brady is the star basketball player on his varsity high school team. When recently interviewed for the local news, he said his coach and parents’ support was why he has done so well. This is considered an example of __________. 

Affiliative Attribution

__________ is when countries tend to have more formal systems of rules that attempt to minimize cultural and situational ambiguity. 

Uncertainty Avoidance

Mario is a child who obeys his parents without question. What kind of culture might he be from? 

High power-distance

How do a child’s early attachment experiences become part of the child’s personality?

Through the process of internalization

What conclusion did Harry Harlow reach based on his research with infant monkeys?

Monkeys raised with contact comfort developed a sense of security.

Gabe’s mother, Ann, is a chronic alcoholic. Gabe is difficult to comfort when he is scared. He is clingy. He becomes upset when Ann leaves because he is afraid that she will not come back. These behaviors illustrate __________ attachment.

Anxious

What are researchers trying to determine when using the experimental method called the Strange Situation? 

The nature of attachment between caretakers and infants

Viktor is placed in the Strange Situation, causing him to be upset. When his mother returns, Viktor looks away from her and refuses to acknowledge her presence. What kind of attachment style is Viktor demonstrating?

Avoidant Attachment

Rochelle has a habit of falling in love quickly. She spends all her free time with her boyfriend Jethro, but when they have a fight or he’s unavailable due to business commitments, Rochelle thinks the worst and is visibly distraught. It is likely that Rochelle has developed a(n) __________ attachment style.

Anxious

Keshisha scores low on extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Which attachment style would Keshisha be a little more likely to show, compared to the others?

Avoidant Attachment

Which type of attachment is associated with high anxiety and low avoidance

Preoccupied Attachment

Which type of attachment is associated with low anxiety and high avoidance

Dismissing Attachment

Which type of attachment is associated with high anxiety and high avoidance

Fearful Attachment

Which type of attachment is associated with low anxiety and low avoidance

Secure Attachment

What rule seems to govern relationship satisfaction based on personality matching?

Similarity does not breed satisfaction

What is the dark triad composed of

Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and Psychopathy

Which component of the dark triad includes a lack of empathy mixed with impulsivity?

Psychopathy

Which component of the dark triad includes a lack of empathy mixed with a sense of grandiosity?

Narcissism

Emily finds relationships challenging because she is preoccupied with how the relationship is progressing. Her anxiety often causes problems for her many dating partners. Emily would likely score high in _____.

Neuroticism