Human Nutrition Final Exam - Westcott

In the 1980s, Australian physicians Barry Marshall and Robin WarrenCurrey proposed a radical hypothesis, that the cause of ulcers was _______________ that could survive in the acidic environment of the stomach and small intestine.

bacteria

In what year did the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first antibiotic that could be used to treat patients with peptic ulcers?

1996

In what year did the World Health Organization (WHO) define health as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."?

1946

A wide distribution of dietary guidelines did not come about until the _____________.

1980s

In what year did FDR claim "I see one-third of our nation is ill-housed, ill-clad, and ill-nourished."

1937

The CDC reports that the federal government spends ____________________ times more to treat disease than to prevent it.

one thousand

Which of the following represent the classes of nutrients?

carbohydrates, protein, fat, water, vitamins, minerals

According to the text, which of the following is a beneficial nonnutrient that may be found in food?

antioxidants

All nutrients are called macronutrients.

False

Which of the following is not a class of macronutrients?

minerals

One gram of carbohydrates yields ______ kilocalories of energy for the cells in the body to perform work.

One gram of lipids yields _______ kilocalories of energy for the cells in the body to perform work.

One gram of protein yields _________ kilocalories of energy for the cells in the body to perform work.

4, 9, 4

Micronutrients include all the essential minerals and vitamins. There are ____________ essential minerals and ______________vitamins.

sixteen, thirteen

Match each mineral to its major function(s):

Sodium

Sulfur

Selenium

Fluoride

- Fluid balance, nerve transmission, muscle contraction

- Protein production

- Antioxidant

- Bone and teeth health maintenance, tooth decay prevention

Which of the following is not a fat-soluble vitamin?

Vitamin C

Match the Vitamins with the Major Functions:

A

D

E

K

- Vision, reproduction, immune system function

- Bone and teeth health maintenance, immune system function

- Antioxidant, cell membrane protection

- Bone and teeth health maintenance, blood clotting

It is better to get all your micronutrients from the foods you eat as opposed to from supplements.

True

_____________________ studies are observational studies and are often the front-line studies for public health.

Epidemiological

_________________ is an emerging scientific discipline aimed at defining healthy genes and not-so-healthy genes and how nutrients affect them.

Nutrigenomics

Socioeconomic status is a measurement made up of three variables, which of the following is not one of them?

culture

What is the main difference between the Pima Indians living in America and the Pima Indians who live in Mexico?

all of these

(lifestyle, environment, nutrition)

The US government has also established dietary standards, such as the Recommended Daily Allowances, published in ______________.

1943

Match the following:

Protein

Carbohydrates

Fat

Water

- Necessary for tissue formation, cell reparation, and hormone and enzyme production. Essential for building strong muscles.

- Provides a ready source of energy for the body and provides structural constituents for the formation of cells

- Provides stored energy for the body, provides structural components of cells and also as signaling molecules

- Transports essential nutrients to all body parts, transports waste products for disposal, and aids in body temperature

A healthy diet is one that favors whole foods, not _____________________ foods.

processed

Calcium is essential for healthy teeth and bones, but too much calcium will interfere with ________ absorption.

iron

Sodium is a vital nutrient.

True

The first US dietary recommendations were set by the National Academy of Sciences in _______________.

1941

Since 1980, the dietary guidelines have been reevaluated and updated every ______years by the advisory committees of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

5

WHich of the following are the major Themes of the 2010 Dietary Guidelines?

All of the above:

- Reduce the incidence and prevalence of overweight and obesity of the US population by reducing overall calorie intake and increasing physical activity.

- Significantly reduce intake of foods containing solid fats and added sugars (SoFAS) because these dietary components contribute excess calories and few, if any, nutrients. In addition, reduce sodium intake and lower intake of refined grains that are coupled with added sugar, solid fat, and sodium.

- Shift food intake patterns to a diet that emphasizes vegetables, cooked dry beans, and peas, fruits, whole grains, nuts, and seeds. In addition, increase the intake of seafood and fat-free and low-fat milk and milk products and consume only moderate amounts of lean meats, poultry, and eggs.

What is the daily recommended intake of sodium according to the2010 Dietary Guidelines?

Limit intake to 2,300 mg daily

What is the daily recommended intake of protein according to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines?

10-35%

What is a good source of protein for vegetarians?

beans, peas, nuts & seeds

The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension trial, or DASH, reports that men and women who consumed more than _______servings per day of fruits and vegetables had lower blood pressures than a control group that consumed under four servings per day of fruits and vegetables.

8

To refrain from overeating try consuming small meals at frequent intervals throughout the day as opposed to two or three large meals.

True

_____________ out of every ten deaths in the United States are caused by chronic diseases, such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes, and three-quarters of the country's health spending goes toward the cost of treating these diseases.

Seven

According to Table 2.6, how many calories are in the ½ c. raspberries for breakfast?

32

"Dietary Reference Intakes" (DRI) is an umbrella term for four reference values, which of the following is not one of them.

Estimated Average Recommendations (EAR)

Match the nutrient with its Value (percentage of calories):

Fat

Carbohydrate

Protein

20.0-35.0

45.0-65.0

10.0-35.0

How many grams of Protein are in Figure 2.2?

5

When a product is labeled "organic", this means it contains _______ organic ingredients.

95%

Knowing how to maintain the balance of friendly _________________ in your intestines through proper diet can promote overall health.

bacteria

A cell is the smallest and most basic form of life. Robert Hooke, one of the first scientists to use a light microscope, discovered the cell in _________.

1665

The cell theory incorporates three principles, which of the following is not one of them?

All living things contain DNA.

To what structure is "A" referring to?

Mitochondrion

To what structure is "B" referring to?

Plasma membrane

__________________are a group of tissues arranged in a specific manner to support a common physiological function.

Organs

Circulatory

Transport nutrients and waste product

Endocrine

Produce and release hormones

Immune

Defend against foreign invaders

Integumentary

Protective, body temperature regulation

Nervous

Interprets and responds to stimuli

Skeletal

Structure and support

Urinary

Waste excretion, water balance

Bacteria, plants, and animals harvest the energy in glucose via a biological process called cellular respiration. In this process the chemical energy of glucose is transformed into cellular energy in the form of the molecule called:

ATP

There are _________ organ systems in the human body that work together to support life, all of which require nutrient input.

11

Which of the following is a polymer?

carbohydrates

Smooth muscle tissue surrounds the digestive tract and its contraction produces waves, known as _______________, that propel food down the tract.

peristalsis

What are the products of cellular respiration?

carbon dioxide, water, Energy (ATP)

The process of digestion begins the moment you put food into your mouth.

False

_______________ is a semiliquid mass of partially digested food that also contains gastric juices secreted by cells in the stomach.

Chyme

The stomach has basic tasks, which of the following are some of these?

All of the above

- To mechanically and chemically break down food

- To empty partially broken-down food into the small intestine

- To store food

The pancreas secretes up to ________ liters of pancreatic juice through a duct into the duodenum per day.

1.5

Bile is made in the _____________ and stored in the _____________.

liver, gall bladder

The small intestine is perfectly structured for maximizing nutrient absorption. Its surface area is greater than ________square meters. It is folded to increase surface area, but it also contains _________________________ to greatly increase its surface area for absorption.

200, microvilli

The main task of the large intestine is to ________________________.

reabsorb water

For how long does food usually stay in the large intestine?

16 hours

How many proteins/gram are found in the bran of a wheat kernel?

16

"Whole wheat" does not always mean the product is made with 100 percent whole grains, and brown breads are not always healthier than white as the color may come from added caramel. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has provided the food industry with specifics on how to label whole-grain foods—to label it as made from 100 percent whole grains. The best method to ensure the product is made from 100 percent whole grains is to check the ingredient list. One-hundred percent whole-grain products list whole grains or whole-wheat flour most often as the _________ingredient and do not contain wheat flour, white flour, yellow corn flour, semolina flour, degerminated flour, or durum flour.

first

Match the type of saccharide with its corresponding name:

- Monosaccharide

- Disaccharide

- Polysaccharide

- glucose

- sucrose

- glycogen

The chemical formula for glucose is written as:

C6H12O6

The sugar alcohols are industrially synthesized derivatives of __________________________.

monosaccharides

Eating raw foods containing _______________ provides very little energy as the digestive system has a hard time breaking them down.

starches

Humans do not produce the enzymes that can break down dietary fiber, but we contain bacteria in our ___________________ that do.

large intestine

In the Sweetness Comparison of Carbohydrates, what percentage does lactose contain?

16

Approximately ______ percent of starches are broken down in the mouth.

5

Your oven is an example of a __________________ feedback loop.

negative

The physiological attributes of high-fiber foods (i.e. whole grains) are linked to a decrease in weight gain and reduced risk of chronic diseases, such as Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

True

Rank the following foods from greatest to least according the The Glycemic Index:

Dates, Brown rice, Bread (sourdough), Apple

Most raw foods are ________________ in GI.

low

Why is the brain highly sensitive to low blood-glucose levels?

It uses only glucose to produce energy and function

Up to ____________ percent of diabetes cases are Type 2 diabetes.

95

Metabolic syndrome refers to a medical condition in which people have ______or more risk factors for Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease .

3

Americans eat too much sugar, period. We also eat too many refined grains (instead of whole grains). A large group of studies all support that consuming more than ________servings of whole grains per day reduces one's chances of getting Type 2 diabetes by ________ percent.

2, 21

The bacterial breakdown of fiber in the ___________________ releases short-chain fatty acids which in turn can reduce the chances of developing diverticulosis.

large intestine

When a food item claims it has "reduced sugar", what does this actually mean?

Contains 25 percent less sugar than similar product

How many times sweeter than sucrose is the sweetener Saccharine?

600

In the 1920s, anthropologist Vilhjalmur Stefansson lived with and studied a group of Inuit. How much of their daily intake of calories was from fat?

75

There are 3 main types of lipids, which of the following is not one of them?

disaccharides

Fats are lipids that are ________ at room temperature. Oils are lipids that are ________ at room temperature.

solid, liquid

According to the text, approximately ____________ of body weight is comprised of fat.

30

When products such as grain and dairy are processed, essential nutrients are lost. Manufacturers replace these nutrients through a process called ___________________.

enrichment

What are some ways in which we can reduce the amount of calories we consume?

All of the above

- Drink water in between bites of food

- Eat a lower fat food before and after a higher fat food

- Take your time while eating

Foods have fatty acids with chain lengths between ________ and ___________carbons and most of them contain an even number of carbon atoms.

4-24

A polyunsaturated fatty acid is a fatty acid with ___________or more double bonds or two or more points of unsaturation.

2

Foods that have a high percentage of saturated fatty acids tend to be ____________ at room temperature.

solid

According to the ongoing Harvard Nurses Health Study, trans fatty acids have been associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease because of the way they negatively impact blood cholesterol levels. In a trans fatty acid, the hydrogen atoms are attached on _______________sides of the carbon chain.

opposite

Essential fatty acids must be obtained from food. They fall into two categories—omega-3 and omega-6. Some excellent source(s) of omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids is(are):

- walnuts

- leafy vegetables

- fish

- flaxseed oil

- hemp

Evidence confirms that saturated fatty acids are linked to higher rates of weight retention when compared to other types of fatty acids.

True

Lecithin (phosphatidylcholine), found in egg yolk, honey, and mustard, is a popular food emulsifier. Lecithin's crucial role within the body is clear, because it is present in every cell throughout the body. About 28 percent of brain matter is composed of lecithin and 66 percent of the fat in the liver is lecithin. Does the body make all of the lecithin that it needs?

Yes

Sterols contain a multiring structure. Cholesterol serves important body functions such as vitamin D and hormone synthesis and is important in cell membrane and brain structure.

True

Which enzyme begins the digestion of triacylglycerols?

lipase